| Abstract Scope |
This study modeled blast furnace (BF) operations with hydrogen-rich gas injection (COG, NG, Syngas, H₂) using energy-mass balance, theoretical combustion temperature (TCT), and energy-carbon emission models. Key findings show reduced direct reduction degree (Rd) with increasing injection (10-60 m³/t): per 10 m³/t increase, Rd decreased by 0.0097 (COG), 0.0185 (NG), 0.0047 (Syngas), and 0.0087 (H₂). TCT decreased by 4.93°C (COG), 12°C (NG), 3.13°C (Syngas), and 2.41°C (H₂). Fuel replacement ratios averaged 0.82 kg/m³ (COG), 0.475 kg/m³ (NG), 0.285 kg/m³ (Syngas), and 0.453 kg/m³ (H₂). Energy consumption increased by 1.07 kgce/t (COG), 2.74 kgce/t (NG), and 0.68 kgce/t (Syngas) per 10 m³/t, but decreased by 1.15 kgce/t for H₂. Critically, CO₂ emissions decreased by 5.78 kg/t (COG), 13.82 kg/t (NG), 3.98 kg/t (Syngas), and 15.61 kg/t (H₂) per 10 m³/t injected. |