Abstract Scope |
Embedded Optical Fibers (OFs) are useful as strain sensors in many applications (e.g., electromagnetic interference, distributed strain measurements). Embedding OFs using additive manufacturing equipment allows utilization in high-value parts. Adhering OFs to metal parts using additive manufacturing, however, requires processing temperatures dangerous to the fiber, posing challenges for fiber survival. Embedment-capable OFs are costly to manufacture, and embedment processes are expensive and time-consuming. Thermal models of embedment processes will help users efficiently determine embedment parameters. This work employs transient thermal models of embedment processes to identify and simulate significant design parameters like coating thickness, embedment geometry, and cooling time. Trends in peak fiber core temperatures and their significance in embedment process are discussed. Experiments using a Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS®) machine (direct energy deposition) with 316L 53-150 µm stainless steel powder to embed single mode, nickel-coated fibers with 300-900 µm diameter are presented. Resulting embedded OF transmissions are discussed. |