| Abstract Scope |
Critical minerals such as tellurium, gallium, germanium, indium, and rare earth elements are essential for the energy transition and advanced technologies, yet many occur primarily as by-products in existing mining operations. This study assesses by-product potential in Nevada Carlin-type gold systems, together with Western Australian deposits, using geometallurgical methods to evaluate deportment and resource inventories. Substantial untapped resources with favorable characteristics for co-recovery were identified. Strategic pathways are outlined that emphasize integration with existing infrastructure, delivering economic by-product credits, advancing tailings valorization, and strengthening domestic supply chains with minimal new capital or environmental impact. The approach provides a transferable framework for prioritizing by-product opportunities across mining districts and supports U.S. critical minerals security and circular economy objectives. |