| Abstract Scope |
Ironing in 3D printing is primarily used to improve surface appearance and dimensional accuracy. However, most applications focus on ironing only the top or bottom layers, however, the potential benefits of applying ironing throughout the build process are still largely unexplored. To understand the effect of internal ironing on fused filament fabrication (FFF) printed PLA parts, three cylindrical specimens of 15 mm diameter, 10 mm height were printed with 0, 5, and 10 ironed layers, which corresponding to 0%, 10%, and 20% of total layers. Nondestructive evaluation techniques, including X-ray CT and ultrasonic evaluation, were employed to understand the effects of ironing on porosity and mechanical properties of these hybrid 3D printed polymers. Findings from this study demonstrates internal ironing can reduce porosity by eliminating smaller pores and breaking larger voids into smaller defects, although diminishing returns may occur with additional ironing. |