| Abstract Scope |
Electrical conductors (carbons and metals) undergo polarization due to carrier-atom interaction, which involves a small fraction of the carriers and mainly occurs at heterogeneities such as grain boundaries. The greater is the prior cold work by rolling, the higher is the permittivity. The permittivity is colossal, though the polarization is low. The polarization hinders conduction, thereby increasing the apparent resistance. The depolarization is less significant than the prior polarization - hence electrical asymmetry. The AC capacitance decreases to zero upon short circuiting (discharge), and is restored upon subsequent open circuiting (self-charge), as shown for single carbon fiber. By offsetting the start time for discharge-charge cycling for various single fibers, nonstop electrical energy is released. The DC electret voltage also decreases to zero upon short circuiting, and is restored upon subsequent open circuiting. The voltage increases with cold rolling, with the positive end of the voltage being where the rolling starts. |