| Abstract Scope |
The transition to renewable energy requires efficient and cost-effective energy-storage technologies. Metal–air batteries offer high theoretical energy density and a simple semi-open configuration in which the metal anode reacts with atmospheric oxygen at the cathode. Magnesium has a highly negative electrode potential, high specific capacity, low density, and a resulting high theoretical energy output. However, practical Mg–air batteries face major challenges: the accumulation of Mg(OH)₂, which reduces the active surface area and operating voltage, and spontaneous self-corrosion that releases hydrogen, lowering efficiency and stability. This study examines strategies to mitigate these limitations by modifying anode composition and optimizing electrolyte formulations. It introduces synergistic mixtures of electrolyte additives selected according to alloying elements and microstructural characteristics. Experimental discharge results demonstrate that these combinations suppress passivation, limit morphological degradation, and stabilize oxygen-reduction kinetics, thereby providing a reliable framework for developing improved, durable, and affordable aqueous Mg–air battery systems. |