| Abstract Scope |
The degradation of graphite during repeated lithium-ion battery (LIB) cycling significantly limits its direct reuse in next-generation anodes. In this study, we present a comprehensive regeneration strategy to restore the structure and electrochemical performance of spent graphite recovered from LIB black mass. The recovered graphite typically suffers from surface contamination, amorphization, and loss of electrical conductivity due to binder residues and structural collapse. To address these issues, we developed a mild thermal and interfacial engineering process that effectively removes residual impurities, reconstructs graphitic ordering, and enhances surface wettability. The rejuvenated graphite exhibited a restored interlayer spacing and improved crystallinity, resulting in enhanced lithium-ion diffusivity and stable cycling performance comparable to commercial anode-grade graphite. This approach demonstrates that spent graphite can be upcycled into high-performance anode materials, offering a practical and sustainable pathway for circular battery manufacturing and carbon footprint reduction. |