Abstract Scope |
Classical SPD methods, including high pressure torsion, equal channel angular pressing, ball milling, etc., have been widely used to create nanostructured (NS) or ultrafine grained (UFG) metallic materials. These SPD methods have served as robust tools to study NS or UFG materials, leading to fundamental discoveries on microstructure evolution and deformation mechanisms. SPD methods usually operate at or near room temperature, hence creating and maintaining the NS or UFG features. However, such conditions also mean that materials cannot be processed at large scale or being manufactured in an additive manner. Meanwhile, friction-based methods, including friction consolidation, friction extrusion, friction stir processing, etc., also exert high plastic strain (~1000% or more) while operating in the temperature range of dynamic recrystallization. Therefore, consolidation, shape forming, additive deposition, grain refinement, nanoparticle dispersion can all happen in a scalable way, providing new pathways of manufacturing ODS alloys in various forms: rods, plates, tubes, etc. |