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Meeting 2026 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition
Symposium Refractory Metals 2026 – A Memorial to Todd Leonhardt
Presentation Title Historical and Contemporary Development of Nb-based Alloys
Author(s) Carolina Frey, Noah Philips, Kaitlyn Mullin, Leah Mills, Joseph Jankowski, Tresa Pollock
On-Site Speaker (Planned) Carolina Frey
Abstract Scope Refractory metals and their alloys are important structural materials for elevated temperature environments. Despite extensive research during the mid-20th century, challenges in achieving a balanced set of properties, including fabricability and oxidation resistance, hindered the broad implementation of this alloy class. Recently, modern interest in these materials has been renewed by the refractory multi-principal element alloy (RMPEA) design philosophy and new processing pathways, such as additive manufacturing (AM), that enable their production. This presentation provides a critical comparison of the historical and modern approaches to refractory alloy design, examined through the lens of Nb-based alloys, and highlights overlaps between conventional refractory alloys and RMPEAs. Key areas discussed include conventional design rules for Nb-based alloys; the importance of processing in the successful adoption of new materials; and insights for designing alloys for AM that are derived from the welding literature. Knowledge gaps and opportunities to address them are identified.
Proceedings Inclusion? Undecided
Keywords High-Temperature Materials, Mechanical Properties,

OTHER PAPERS PLANNED FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM

A Brief Review of Plastic Flow Behaviors in Unalloyed Mo and Nb at High Temperatures
A High Throughput Synthesis and Characterization Framework for the Design and Optimization of Refractory High Entropy Alloys
A review of rhenium usage and manufacturing methods over the past 70 years
Alloying and coating Cr-Mo-Si for high temperature performance
Assessment of the Homogeneity of Recrystallization and Microstructure in Formed High-RRR Niobium 1.3 GHz Half-Cells for Superconducting Radiofrequency Applications
CrTaO4-Mediated Oxidation Resistance of Ta-Cr Alloys in Atmospheric and Reduced pO2
Deformation Behavior of TZM at Elevated Temperatures
Deformation of Single-Phase Molybdenum-Rhenium Alloys
Design and Fabrication of Refractory Multi-Principal Element alloys using Spark Plasma Sintering
Evaluation of Time Dependent Deformation of Mo & W Sheet in Cantilever Loading
Experimental characterization of the plastic deformation of polycrystalline molybdenum alloy
Fabrication of Dense Bulk Ultrafine-Grained MoW, NbMoW, and NbMoTaW and the Effects of Cobalt Doping on Sintering and Grain Growth
Flow stresses and recrystallization behaviors in Mo-La alloys and TZM up to 1700 °C
Historical and Contemporary Development of Nb-based Alloys
Hot Isostatic Pressing and High-Temperature Behavior of Additively Manufactured W-Re Alloys
Impact of variations in recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth behavior on the performance of Nb accelerator structures fabricated by deep-drawing
Investigating Manufacturing Effects on the Mechanical Behavior of Tungsten During Actinide Pyroprocessing
Mechanical Behavior of Neutron Irradiated Ta-W Alloys
Mechanical Effects of Interstitial-Induced Metastability in Group IV-Based Refractory Alloys
Microsegregation-Driven Mechanical Heterogeneity in Refractory Alloys
Microstructure and Interfacial Evaluation of Solid-State Diffusion Bonded Ti2AlC and a Molybdenum Alloy using Spark Plasma Sintering
Microstructure, Deformation, and Nitrogen Effects in BCC+B2 V-Nb-Ru-Ti Alloys
Multi-Modal Characterization of the B2 Phase in the Ta-Re Binary System
Novel Methods for Rhenium Recovery from Superalloys
Optimizing Reinforcement and Alloying Strategies in WMoVTi RHEAs for High-Temperature Applications
Percent Recrystallization and Grain Size Measured in Niobium using the Shannon Entropy of Back-scattered Electron Data
Refractory Metal Design and Implementation - from Powder to Part
Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy as a High-Precision Tool for Elastic Modulus Measurement in Molybdenum-Rhenium Alloys
Solid Solution Phenomena in Molybdenum-Rhenium Alloys
Strain Rate Sensitivity in Refractory Alloys
The Effect of Re and Ru on High Temperature Deformation of Nb-Si-Based Alloys
The influence of interstitial content on the plastic flow behavior of Niobium at 1200 °C
Thermomechanical Properties of Ta-2.5W at Elevated Temperatures and Strain Rates
Todd Leonhardt, Life of Enduring Contribution to Science & Technology of Rhenium
Toward Understanding High-Temperature Oxidation Mechanisms in Sn-Modified Nb-Si-Based Alloys
Understanding the Effect of Tungsten Additions on the Microstructure and Fracture Toughness of C103-based Niobium Alloys (Nb-5.4Hf-2Ti-xW) Made by Spark Plasma Sintering
Utilizing atomistic simulations and machine learning to predict unstable stacking fault energies of refractory non-dilute random alloys.
Vanadium Alloying of a Niobium Alloy (C103) by Spark Plasma Sintering and its effects on Strength, Ductility and Fracture Toughness

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