Biological Materials Science: Biological and Natural Materials II
Sponsored by: TMS Functional Materials Division, TMS Structural Materials Division, TMS: Biomaterials Committee
Program Organizers: Steven Naleway, University of Utah; Jing Du, Pennsylvania State University; Rajendra Kasinath, DePuy Synthes (Johnson and Johnson); David Restrepo, University of Texas at San Antonio
Tuesday 2:00 PM
February 25, 2020
Room: Leucadia
Location: Marriott Marquis Hotel
Session Chair: Wei Huang, University of California, Riverside; Maryam Hosseini, Purdue University; Jing Du, Penn State University
2:00 PM Invited
Hooves and Horns – How Do They Avoid Impact Damage?: Wei Huang1; Alireza Zaheri2; Nicholas Yaraghi1; Wen Yang3; Jae-Young Jung3; Zezhou Li4; Horacio Espinosa2; Robert Ritchie4; David Kisailus1; Susan Stover5; Joanna McKittrick3; 1University of California, Riverside; 2Northwestern University; 3University of California, San Diego; 4University of California, Berkeley; 5University of California, Davis
Here we report on the structure and compressive static and dynamic mechanical properties of sheep horns and equine hooves samples oriented in different directions. High-resolution synchrotron x-ray micro-computed tomography and transmission electron microscopy, coupled optical and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the pristine and deformed samples. The major microstructural elements are tubules and cell lamellae. The lamellae consist of keratin cells, with a disc-shaped morphology. The cells contain macrofibrils composed of intermediate filaments, parallel to the cell surface. Samples subjected to high strain rate Hopkinson bar experiments showed energy-absorption mechanisms such as shear banding, lamellae buckling and delamination. We believe that our findings will provide inspiration for bioinspired designs of energy-absorbent synthetic structures and materials. This work is funded by a Multi-University Research Initiative through the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR-FA9550-15-1-0009) and a National Science Foundation Biomaterials Grant (1507978).
2:30 PM
Bioinspired Routes to Damage Tolerant Materials: Unique Microstructure and Fracture Properties of Enamel in the Mammal-like Grinding Dentition of a the Hadrosaurid Dinosaur: Soumya Varma1; Manish Jain1; Yi Teng Lee1; Shane Johnson1; B. A. Krick2; G. M. Erickson3; Daniele Casari4; Johann Michler4; Jakob Schwiedrzik4; Shraddha Vachhani5; Sid Pathak1; 1University of Nevada, Reno; 2Lehigh University; 3Florida State University and National High Magnet Field Laboratory; 4EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; 5Bruker Nano Surfaces
Unlike grazing mammals, hadrosaurid dinosaurs with grinding dentitions evolved an aprismatic undulating wavy enamel structure (folded layers of parallel hydroxyapatite crystallites separated by thin layers of loosely aggregated inter-layer matrix), among most complex enamel known in reptilian taxon. We test the hypothesis that these structures served same function as prismatic enamels (columns of hydroxyapatite crystals surrounded by proteinaceous sheaths set within a loosely aggregated hydroxyapatite matrix) of current grazing mammals through comparative fracture experimentation. We utilized small scale testing such as high throughput nanoindentation, specialized FIB-fabricated micro-pillar compression and micro-tensile loading. These mechanical datasets were correlated with the structural information at complementary length scales using optical profilometry and BSE-SEM. The structure-property maps reflect the unique morphology of the wavy enamel layering, where the periodic variations in properties between the layers, combined with the enamel layer undulations, is postulated to promote remarkable fracture resistance, damage localization and strategically controlled crack directionality.
2:50 PM
The Cholla Cactus: a New Model for Torsional Resilience in Biological Materials: Albert Matsushita1; Luca Devivo1; Daniel Kupor1; Josue Luna1; Doheon Lee1; Falko Kuester1; Joanna McKittrick1; 1University of California San Diego
Biological materials tested in compression, tension, and impact inspire designs for strong and tough materials, but torsion is a relatively neglected but important loading mode. The wood skeletons of cholla cacti, subject to spartan desert conditions and 120 kph winds, provide a new template for torsionally resilient biological materials. They comprise a helically perforated hollow tube whose mechanical properties were hitherto unstudied. Experimental methods, finite element analysis, and topology optimization revealed how cholla meso and macro-porosity and fibril orientation contribute to highly density-efficient mechanical behavior. The data far exceeded bamboo and trabecular bone in their ability to combine torsional strength and toughness. This work was supported by a Multi-University Research Initiative through the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR-FA9550-15-1–0009) and a National Science Foundation Biomaterials Grant (1507978).
3:10 PM
On the Strength Across the Hair Species and the Evolution of Hair Fracture: Wen Yang1; Robert Ritchie2; Marc Meyers1; 1University of California San Diego; 2University of California, Berkeley
The hair of mammals varies in diameter across species from ~60 µm to over ~400 µm. We establish here that the tensile strength of hair generally decreases with increasing diameter. Although there is commonality in morphology, in that the hair from all species possesses an internal cortex surrounded by cuticles, there are also significant differences in structure that specifically contribute to hair strength. In this work, the internal structure of the hair from different species is examined, with some unique peculiarities in javelina and capybara hair uncovered. The good correlation of the hair strength and its dependence on dimension is rationalized using Weibull analysis which implies that the failure strength is dictated by the probability distribution of flaws within the cortex. The evolution of the hair fracture, as well as the structural recovery of the remaining fractured hair, are revealed together with the specific functions of the cuticle and cortex.
3:30 PM Break
3:45 PM
Toughness Enhancing 1-dimensional Metamaterials in the Webs of the Recluse Spider: Ben Skopic1; Hannes Schniepp1; 1The College of William & Mary
The recluse spider is the only of >45,000 spider species known to make a ribbon shaped fiber featuring a high aspect ratio. It is also the only species known to feature an external spinneret capable of spinning its self-adhesive silk tape into a 1-dimensional metastructure giving rise to novel mechanical characteristics. The adhesive junctions of this structure feature a surprisingly high strength. Our experiments with synthetic adhesive tapes have revealed that this is based on an unexpected effect, which only occurs in a narrow window of junction angles, which is precisely implemented by the spiders. The mechanism can be exploited for sticky tape metamaterials with surprising mechanical properties.
4:05 PM
Impact-resistant Biological Coatings on the Mantis Shrimp Dactyl Club: Wei Huang1; Nicolas Guarin-Zapata2; Pablo Zavattieri2; David Kisailus1; 1University of California Riverside; 2Purdue University
Biomineral composites found in natural organisms such as nacre, antler and the dactyl club of mantis shrimp show remarkable toughness and impact resistance. The impact speed of the dactyl clubs can reach ~20 m/s at an acceleration of ~10,000g during the daily feeding activities of mantis shrimp. The hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoparticle based ultrathin (~ 70 µm) coatings found in the surface of these dactyl clubs plays an important role in terms of impact energy dissipation and damping. The surface consists of densely packed (~ 88 vol%) ~ 60 nm hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, which were found to consist of oriented attached ~10-20 nm HAP single crystals and organic phases. Particle rotation, translation and fracture, as well as the plastic deformation of organic phase, provides significant energy dissipation. Imperfections in the nanocrystals such as dislocations and amorphization are generated during the impact events, which are additional toughening mechanisms at the atomic scale.
4:25 PM
Structure and Mechanical Behavior of Regenerated Fish Scales: Sean Ghods1; Sarah Waddell1; Emily Weller1; Cameron Renteria1; H-Y Jiang2; SS Mao3; JM Janak4; Timothy Linley4; Dwayne Arola1; 1University of Washington; 2Southest University; 3Shanghai University; 4Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Fish scales are inspiring new layered engineered materials and next-generation flexible armors. Past studies have focused on the structure and properties of ontogenetic scales. The structure-property relationships of regenerated scales have received limited attention. In this study, several Cyprinus Carpio were acquired from the wild and maintained in an aquatic environment at either 10° or 20°C. Ontogenetic scales were extracted in specific sites to initiate regeneration, and the regenerated scales were extracted after a period of development. The ontogenetic and regenerated scales were compared in terms of their chemical composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties evaluated in uniaxial tension. Regardless of water temperature, the strength, strain to fracture and toughness of the regenerated scales were significantly lower than those of ontogenetic scales. Properties of the scales that regenerated in the 20°C environment were superior to those at 10°C, and depended largely on the mineralized region. Details will be discussed.
4:45 PM
The Boxfish Carapace, a Simple Architecture to Control Crack Propagation: Maryam Hosseini1; Sean Garner2; Steven Naleway3; Joanna McKittrick2; Pablo Zavattieri1; 1Purdue University; 2University of California San Diego; 3University of Utah
The boxfish carapace contains hexagonal dermal scutes, a combination of a brittle hexagonal plate (hydroxyapatite) on top of a compliant base (type-I collagen) to develop flexible armor and protect against attack and penetration. While the mineral plates are separated by patterned sutures (triangular interlocking patterns), there is no interphase material connecting them, and the connection between scutes is made through the collagen base. This is different from other naturally occurring sutures. The results from the in-situ SEM shear tests between two scutes revealed that this architecture helps to impede cracks around the sutures area. Here, we investigate the effective role of this architecture in controlling the crack direction under shear loading through a systematic and parametric study using analytical, computational models and physical prototypes.
5:05 PM Invited
Multi-scale Elemental, Structural and Mechanical Characterization of the Influence of Different Medicines on the de novo Mineralization of Zebrafish Caudal Fin: Po-Yu Chen1; Fabio Bohns1; Yang-Rong Shih1; 1National Tsing Hua University
Osteoporosis is a degenerative bone disease defined by a reduction in mineral density and altered micro-architecture, resulting in brittle bones. The long-term administration of Prednisolone is known to induce osteoporosis in humans while the most common medicine used to reverse the process is Alendronate. Zebrafish has emerged as a model to osteoporosis screening due to its low cost and ability to regenerate its parts and organs. This work will aim on the influence of both drugs on the de novo mineralization of zebrafish caudal fin and the mechanical properties of the newly regenerated bones. The medicine will be administered to adult zebrafish for 28 days and morphometric analysis will be performed under stereomicroscope. Elemental and micro-structural analysis of fins will be evaluated by EPMA, Raman spectroscopy and SEM/EDS. Mechanical testing will be performed using PF-QNM and nanoindentation. The effect of various medicines on fin mineralization will be discussed.