Biological Materials Science: Biological and Natural Materials I
Sponsored by: TMS Functional Materials Division, TMS Structural Materials Division, TMS: Biomaterials Committee
Program Organizers: Steven Naleway, University of Utah; Jing Du, Pennsylvania State University; Rajendra Kasinath, DePuy Synthes (Johnson and Johnson); David Restrepo, University of Texas at San Antonio
Monday 8:00 AM
February 24, 2020
Room: Leucadia
Location: Marriott Marquis Hotel
Session Chair: Steven Naleway, University of Utah; David Restrepo, University of Texas at San Antonio
8:00 AM Invited
Arapaima Fish Scale: One of the Toughest Flexible Biological Materials: Wen Yang1; Haocheng Quan1; Marc Meyers1; Robert Ritchie2; 1University of California San Diego; 2University of California, Berkeley
For fish scales to provide protection from predators without compromising mobility, they have to be lightweight, flexible and tough. The Arapaima fish scale is a superb example of these properties, which enables survival in piranha-infested seasonal lakes of the Amazon. The elasmoid scales comprise a laminate composite layer of parallel collagen fibrils arranged in a Bouligand-like pattern under a hard, highly-mineralized surface layer that prevents penetration damage. We measure here a J-based crack-growth fracture-toughness of the scale as high as ~200 kJ.m-2, representing an exceptional fracture resistance for a flexible biological material. This toughness is primarily the result of multiple deformation mechanisms acting in concert in the Bouligand-like structure of the scale, involving collagen lamellae at varying orientations controlling crack advance through a sequence stretching, rotation, delamination and shear at the crack-tip before fracture. Indeed, the toughness values measured for Arapaima scales are among the highest of Nature’s flexible materials.
8:30 AM
Collagen’s Role in the Dermal Armor of the Boxfish: Sean Garner1; Steven Naleway2; Maryam Hosseini3; Claire Acevedo2; Eric Schaible4; Bernd Gludovatz5; Jae-Young Jung1; Joanna McKittrick1; Pablo Zavattieri3; 1Univ of California San Diego; 2University of Utah; 3Purdue University; 4Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; 5University of New South Wales
This research explores the structure and mechanical properties of the collagen found in the dermal armor of the boxfish (Lactoria cornuta). Microcomputed tomography revealed a 3D image of the dermal armor’s complex collagen structure. Helical interfibrillar gaps in the collagen base were found that suggest the collagen in the boxfish is a Bouligand-type structure. In-situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests were performed between two connected scutes and indicate that the interfacial collagen is structurally designed to absorb energy to protect the internal collagen. In-situ small-angle X-ray scattering also corroborated the complex collagen structure. These results are coupled with finite element simulations that characterize the interfacial collagen and validate the non-linear deformation response seen in the in-situ SEM. These findings provide a novel basis to synthesize impact-resistant bioinspired composites. This work is supported by the Multi-University Research Initiative through the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR-FA9550-15-1-0009)
8:50 AM
Characterization of Timbers of Paubrasilia Echinata Lam. from Reforestation and
Natural Forest for Violin Bows
: Sinval Marques; José de Oliveira1; 1UFES
The wood of Pau-Brazil (Paubrasilia echinata Lam.) was exhaustively explored in the colonial period for prodution of dye. Subsequently, it began to have other purposes such as the production of musical instrument bows. Currently, in view of the prohibition of the use of Pau-Brazil wood from Natural forest, studies are being carried out in order to produce such timber sustainably through reforestation, as a future alternative to the supply of natural forest wood applications in the manufacture of instrument bows. In order for the reforestation timber to be conveniently used, it is necessary to characterize it in order to know the ideal age for the cut. The present study seeks to study the dendrometric, anatomical, apparent specific mass, retractibility and static flexion, by means of destructive and non-destructive methods, of Pau-Brazil wood from natural forest and Reforestation with ages of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 years.
9:10 AM Invited
Seeing is Believing - In-situ SEM Wear Experiments of Animal Teeth: Horacio Espinosa1; Alireza Zaheri1; Hoang Nguyen1; David Restrepo2; Michael Frank3; Joanna McKittrick3; 1Northwestern University; 2University of Texas, San Antonio; 3University of California, San Diego
Animals’ teeth have evolved, based on their natural habitat, to provide food procurement, mastication, and protection against predation. These functions require superior hardness and abrasion-resistance. Such resistance typically emerges from damage tolerance and sharpness preservation during the organism life span. In this presentation the use of nanomechanics and in-situ SEM experiments will be demonstrated to identify conditions for tooth deformation and wear. For the case of the sea urchin tooth, movies of wear leading to a previously hypothesized self-sharpening mechanism will be shown and discussed. Nonlinear finite element modeling of the wear process will be presented to provide insights as to the synergy between constituent material properties and tooth microstructural elements on the self-sharpening mechanism. The reported findings should inspire design of novel tools used in machining operations, e.g., cutting and grinding, as well as in mining and tunnel boring.
9:40 AM Break
9:55 AM Invited
Multiscale Architectures in the Exoskeletal Armor of a Crush Resistant Insect: Jesus Rivera1; Maryam Hosseini2; Satoshi Murata3; Allison Pickle1; Drago Vasile1; David Restrepo4; Atsushi Arakaki3; Pablo Zavattieri2; David Kisailus1; 1University of California Riverside; 2Purdue University; 3Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 4University of Texas San Antonio
Nature has evolved efficient strategies, exemplified in the biological tissues of numerous animal and plant species, to synthesize and construct composites that often exhibit exceptional mechanical properties. These biological systems have accomplished this feat by establishing controlled synthesis and hierarchical assembly of nano- to micro-scaled building blocks. One such example is found in the exoskeletal forewings (elytra) of the diabolical iron clad beetle. Lacking the ability to fly away from predators, this desert insect exhibits an extremely impact and crush-resistant elytra via complex and graded interfaces. Here, utilizing advanced microscopy, spectroscopy and in-situ mechanical testing, we reveal previously unreported and critical multiscale architectural designs within the exoskeleton of this impressive beetle, the resulting mechanical response and subsequent toughening mechanisms. These observations are now providing blueprints to multifunctional tough, light-weight impact and crush resistant architected materials.
10:25 AM Invited
Role of the Inner Architecture of a Naturally-ocurring Interlocking Interface Found in the Diabolical Ironclad Beetle: Maryam Hosseini1; Jesus Rivera2; David Restrepo3; David Kisailus2; Pablo Zavattieri1; 1Purdue University; 2University of California, Riverside; 3Purdue University/University of Texas San Antonio
The focus of this work is to understand the role of the inner architecture in naturally-occuring interlocking interfaces. More specific, we study the abdominal portion of the exoskeleton, consisting of the elytra and ventral cuticle of the diabolical ironclad beetle, a terrestrial beetle that is well known for its high compressive strength, far beyond any other beetle identified to date. The beetle elytra consists of two separated parts connected using dovetail-joints blades and contains a hierarchical assembly of alpha-chitin fibers embedded within a proteinaceous matrix that provides both strength and toughness. We employ a combination of computational models and 3D printing prototypes to study the various competing mechanisms that emerge from the fracture behavior of such joints. In turns, this natural system represents a tough, damage tolerant biological joint that can inspire a new family of architectured materials.
10:55 AM
Structure-property Relation of Arapaima Gigas Scales as Structural Material: Henry Colorado1; Sergio Neves Monteiro2; 1Universidad de Antioquia; 2Military Institute of Engineering, IME
This investigation present results regarding the structure-property relation of Arapaima scales from the Amazons. This fish scales are a composite material itself with a ceramic and polymeric areas. The scales have been tested mechanically and chemically with different characterization tests including optical, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy tests have been included. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and tensile tests over flattened samples of the scales previously flattened with a hydrothermal treatment were conducted. Also, microhardness and wear are presented. Potential engineering applications are also discussed. Composite materials with epoxy resin were fabricated and tested in impact and the above characterization.
11:15 AM
Structure and Behavior of Viper Snake Fangs: Susana Estrada1; Juan Arredondo1; J Pereañez2; Sean Ghods3; Dwayne Arola3; Alex Ossa1; 1Universidad Eafit; 2Universidad de Antioquia; 3University of Washington
Viper fangs have a structure that allows an efficient injection of venom to their preys. The integration of high mechanical strength in slender hollowed ceramic structures has been challenging for engineers and designers, making these fangs an interesting material to study. Here we studied the microstructure, composition, and mechanical properties of the fangs of three different species of vipers (e.g. Bothrops asper, Crotalus durissus and Lachesis acrochorda). Using optical microscopy, SEM and FTIR, both enamel and dentin were identified. The hardness measurements suggest that the fangs are harder towards the tip, condition related to their function of penetrating tissues. Using high-speed video was possible to measure a strike speed of about 2.5 m/s. This work takes a broad look at the phenomenon of snake bites, showing that despite the constructive restrictions of the fangs, they can be strong and tough, inspiring a new generation of high-performance ceramic and composite materials.