Advanced Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage VI: Poster Session
Sponsored by: TMS Functional Materials Division, TMS: Energy Conversion and Storage Committee
Program Organizers: Jung Choi, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Amit Pandey, Lockheed Martin Space; Partha Mukherjee, Purdue University; Surojit Gupta, University of North Dakota; Kyle Brinkman, Clemson University; Soumendra Basu, Boston University; Paul Ohodnicki, University Of Pittsburgh
Monday 5:30 PM
February 24, 2020
Room: Sails Pavilion
Location: San Diego Convention Ctr
Session Chair: Jung Pyung Choi, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Soumendra Basu, Boston University
E-8 (Digital): Improving Wetting of Silver (Ag) on Oxide Surface with Patterned Nickel (Ni)-particles: Jiyun Park1; Jason Nicholas1; Yue Qi1; 1Michigan State University
Silver (Ag) is commonly used as a circuit paste in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells due to its low electrical resistivity and oxidation resistance, however, its wettability on various oxide surfaces needs to be improved. In this study, we modeled the intrinsic (chemical) wetting and extrinsic (structural) wetting of Ag on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and gadolinium-doped ceria surfaces. Liquid Ag droplet wetting on oxide surface with or without different Ni particles patterns was simulated with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with the force field fitted to the interface interactions calculated by density functional theory. The MD simulations showed the Ag droplet did not wet the bare YSZ surface but could spread more on the surface by Ni-particle patterns, as Ag wets Ni, resulting in a 75% contact area increase. An analytical model was developed to describe the relation of the contact area increase with the Ni-particle size and distance on various substrates.
E-9 (Invited): Protective Coatings for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stacks: Jung Choi1; John Hardy1; 1Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a highly energy-efficient energy-generation technology, and due to high operating temperatures, various fuel sources can be used. However, because of that high-temperature operation, interconnect material making chromium evaporation, and it makes cathode poisoning. Therefore, PNNL researching the various type of coatings and achieved very positive results. This paper will summarize some coating work done in PNNL.
E-10: A BiVO4-RGO Bilayer Electrode based Photoelectrochemical Supercapacitor: Anirban Roy1; Pavel Majumdar2; Krishnendu Pramanik3; Hiranmay Saha4; 1University of Tennessee, Knoxville; 2University of Utah; 3University of Calcutta; 4Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology
A single photo-capacitive bilayer electrode using BiVO4-RGO was fabricated to develop a photoelectrochemical supercapacitor, integrating photoelectric conversion and energy storage. The capacitive behavior of the electrode was initially studied by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge. The BiVO4-RGO electrode displayed typical EDLC behavior and good performance as a supercapacitor exhibiting a specific capacitance of 141.8F.g-1 measured at a current density of 0.2A.g-1 demonstrating BiVO4’s facile charge transfer capability during electrical charging and discharging operations. Subsequently, the bilayer electrode was assembled into a photo-supercapacitor which was photocharged in the open circuit condition, generating a photovoltage of 340mV and capable of delivering a specific discharge capacity of 4.1mAh.g-1, the highest reported value for such electrode configuration till-date. In order to gain more insight about the charge transfer mechanism across the electrode-electrolyte interface, electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analysis was performed for the BiVO4-RGO bilayer electrode under dark and light conditions, along with a durability test.
E-11: A Critical Evaluation of Internal Temperature Sensors Implanted in the Lithium-ion Batteries: Mihit Parekh1; Bing Li1; Vikas Tomar1; Vilas Pol1; 1Purdue University
Safety is critical in moving towards high energy density Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Incorporation of material solutions including better electrolyte additives and separators, have limited scope in response time and operating voltage window. Here, we report using internal resistance temperature detector (RTD) for sensing thermal signatures from LIBs with graphite anode and LiCoO2 cathode. The RTD is placed behind anode in 3D printed polymeric substrate with no interfere to cell performance. During short-circuit, temperature recorded with internal RTD was ~6°C higher than with external RTD, along with up to 10-times earlier detection ability to prevent thermal runaway. Additionally, internal RTD is expected to yield more endothermic peaks beyond 200 °C in multimode calorimetry due to the presence of 3D-printed polymer. Results from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of customized LIBs were comparable to conventional LIBs. Using superior battery management system, the customized LIB will be conducive, safer powerhouse for high energy density applications.
E-12: A Method for Efficient Lithium Desorption in Ni-rich Layered Structure Cathode Materials for Lithium Resource Regeneration: Seon-jin Lee1; Ji-woong Shin1; Sang-yong Oh1; Yun-chae Nam1; Bonkeup Koo2; Jong-tae Son1; 1Korea National University of Transportation; 2Hanbat National University
Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used as power sources for portable electronic applications such as electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs). However, the high cost of the cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries is an issue. Cathode materials account for more than 40% of the cost for a complete battery. The high battery cost is a chief obstacle to the widespread use of lithium-ion batteries. In this study, a method of recovering lithium resources from a waste Ni-rich cathode active material using a heat treatment in an inert gas atmosphere was proposed. XRD (x-ray diffraction) were used to investigate the lithium desorption and structural change in the cathode materials. SEM (scanning electron microscope) and ICP (inductively coupled plasma) were used to characterize their microstructure and composition.
E-13: A Novel Class of High-ionic Conductivity, Stable Electrolyte for Li-ion All-Solid-State Batteries: Chunhu Tan1; Shuyi Chen1; Daniel Lin1; Tianyu Meng1; Jessica Lin1; Kevin Zanjani1; Tim Lin1; 1Bioenno Tech
In this presentation, Bioenno Tech will report the development of a novel class of LLZO reinforced polymer electrolytes for Li-ion based all solid-state batteries (ASSBs) in potential vehicle applications. For this development, we have explored various composition designs, and also established a cost-effective, scalable process for electrolyte, electrodes, and pouch cell processing. The resultant cell is featured with a multilayer design of cell structure that allows the major component can be fabricated in a single step of co-sintering. We have successfully demonstrate Li-ion ASSB cells with high specific energy (>200 W/kg), high cycling stability (>500) at high rate, and wide working temperature range (-40 to 70 degree C). Another innovation is that we have also utilized machine learning (ML) combining with data analytics (feature engineering) for designing new compositions with desirable properties in order to accelerate materials design and obtain the optimized composition with the most desirable properties.
Cancelled
E-15: Development of Platinum Electrocatalysts with Preferential Crystal Orientation for Energy Conversion Systems: Silvina Gabriela Ramos1; Gustavo Andreasen2; Alicia Ares1; Walter E. Triaca2; 1Instituto de Materiales de Misiones (IMAM)-CONICET, UNaM; 2Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), UNLP
Platinum is an effective electrocatalyst for electrodic reactions involved in hydrogen/oxygen proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems, particularly the oxygen electroreduction reaction. This reaction represents one of the main limitations in energy conversión systems, such as hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells, due to its slow electrode kinetics. In this work, the preparation and characterization of high surface area carbon-supported facetted platinum electrocatalysts with a defined and well characterised morphology for using in PEM fuel cells is presented. High surface area facetted platinum on carbon substrates are obtained by applying a square wave potential pulse of high frequency in aqueous chloroplatinic acid at 25°C, between lower and upper potential limits of -0,2V and 1,2V, respectively. The characterization studies revealed the presence of highly facetted Pt nanoparticles having a predominant (111) preferential crystal orientation, which have shown a greater catalytic activity for the oxygen electroreduction reaction than that corresponding to polycrystalline Pt nanoparticles.
E-16: Enhanced Stability of B-site W Doped Pr0.6Sr0.4Fe1-xWxO3-δ Ceramic Membranes for Water Splitting: Yanbo Liu1; Hongwei Cheng1; Xiaofang Xu1; Qiangchao Sun1; Chaoyun Liu1; Qian Xu1; Xionggang Lu1; 1Shanghai University
A series of perovskite-type oxygen permeable membranes Pr0.6Sr0.4Fe1-xWxO3-δ (PSFW, x=0-0.1) were synthesized by sol-gel method. The effects of W doping on the microstructure, chemical stability, and thermochemical water splitting performance were investigated systematically by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectra and thermal gravity analysis techniques. With the increase of W doping level, the valence of Fe reduced, which improve chemical stability in reducing atmosphere but decreases the oxygen permeability. The results indicated that the relative content of Fe+3/Fe+4 remaining unchanged before and after water splitting experiment, which is due to the doping of W. Those effects are attributed to the increased metal oxygen average binding energy (ABE). Furthermore, at long-time water splitting tests, the hydrogen production rate of membrane PSF decreased about 10%, but membrane PSFW0.1 almost remained stable and showed good chemical stability, which made it promising potential for hydrogen production from water splitting.
E-17: Enhancement of Metal Surface Mechanical Property by High Energy Beam Injection: Sangwoo Kim1; DongEung Kim1; Changhyun Jin2; 1Korea Institute of Industrial Tech; 2Yonsei University
With growing interest in two-dimensional nanostructures such as graphene, efforts are being made to control their mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. Therefore, by simply controlling the injection time of the high energy, we investigated a mechanism to enhance the surface hardness by causing the oxidation of CuO or Cu2O from the surface by giving the effect of heat treatment to Cu metal. This process is similar to the conventional synthesis at first glance, but it is a very different approach in that the degree of oxidation can be continuously controlled according to the process variables. These microstructural, chemical, and mechanical characteristics of different samples were confirmed by XRD, XPS, and nano-indentor, respectively. The new method of freely changing the surface properties seems to have a large impact on other fields in the future, both industrially and research.
E-18: Fe2O3 Nano-particles Grown on Carbon Fabric as a Freestanding Anode for High-performance Lithium-ion Batteries: Yang jun1; 1University of Science and Technology Beijing
Advanced anode materials for high power and high energy have attracted great interest due to the increasing demand for energy conversion and storage devices. Fe2O3 possess high theoretical capacities, but poor electrochemical performances owing to their severe volume change during cycles. In this work, we develop a self-assembly approach for the synthesis of Fe2O3 nano-particles grown on carbon fabric by hydrothermal process. Compare with powder Fe2O3-based negative electrode materials, Fe2O3 nano-particles grown on carbon fabric show excellent potential in the next generation of pseudo-capacitor and flexible lithium-ion batteries. And these special anode materials without binder and conductive agent, it can provide larger space and specific surface area, and facilitate Li+ transmission and electrolyte penetration. When applied as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the Fe2O3 nano-particles manifest superior electrochemical lithium storage properties in terms of high reversible capacity, stable cycling capacity retention and good rate capability.
E-19: Finding Efficient Growth Parameters for Carbon Nanotube Growth: Tyler Knapp1; Jud Ready1; 1Georgia Tech Research Institute
Continuing to find more efficient processes of growing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has become increasingly necessary as they typically have low electrical resistances, high elastic moduli along their long axis, and are hollow with high surface areas. This experiment aims to measure how growth rate decreases as the CNTs grow for extended times up to ten minutes, and at different processing temperatures down to 700 degrees Celsius in order to find the most efficient growth parameters. The purpose of these CNTs are to be used in supercapacitors in conjunction with ionic liquid electrolytes and in 3D photovoltaics as a conductive scaffolding. The CNTs are grown using chemical vapor deposition of acetylene onto a catalyst stack containing an iron catalyst, aluminum, and a titanium diffusion barrier resting on a single-crystal silicon substrate. The CNTs' height is then measured in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and used to calculate the average growth rate.
E-20: Linking Nanoscale Grain Boundary Composition and Energetic Properties in Ceramic Oxides: Tara Boland1; Arunima Singh1; Peter Rez1; Peter Crozier1; 1Arizona State University
Ceramic oxides are used for a wide variety of technologically relevant applications from electrochemical devices, novel resistive switching devices and oxygen sensors. Applications such as these typically rely upon the ability of oxides to conduct ions efficiently through the lattice. Recent nanoscale compositional characterization of the GB composition has shown different nominal concentrations of solutes could result in orders of magnitude increase in GB ionic conductivity relative to the undoped samples. This study aims to predict the optimal dopants that, when present in high concentrations, increase the ionic conductivity across the GB. Computational modeling is employed using density functional theory to optimize the GB interfacial structure for various GB misorientations in CeO2. This study further develops our understanding of high solute GB composition enabling the development of methods such as selective doping to improve macroscopic ionic conductivity for both the grain and GB.
E-21: Mechanistic Elucidation of Electrodeposition Stability at Metal-Solid Electrolyte Interfaces: Ankit Verma1; Partha Mukherjee1; 1Purdue University
Robust Li-ion batteries with enhanced energy and power density rely on coupling metal anodes with solid electrolytes that hinder dendritic growth through mechanical suppression. Solid electrolytes can be broadly categorized into polymer, and inorganic solid electrolytes exhibiting differing kinetics, transport, mechanics and microstructure characteristics with strongly coupled interactions. While the transport behavior of polymer electrolytes is similar to liquid electrolytes enabling ion motion through migration and diffusion, inorganic electrolytes only exhibit migration based ionic flux. Solid electrolytes also exhibit microstructural stochasticity (polycrystalline/amorphous with/without voids) which directly impact the transport, kinetics and mechanics behavior. Furthermore, the metal-solid electrolyte interfacial perturbation, dependent on the mechanical and chemical wettability, correlates to ion-flux focusing and electrodeposition hotspots. In this work, we investigate these coupled interactions and delineate electrodeposition stability for polymer and inorganic solid electrolytes based all-solid-state batteries.
E-22: Microwave Dielectric Properties of Isovalent and Aliovalent Ions Doped Ca4(La4Pr2)(SiO4)4(PO4)2O2 Ceramics: Sea Fue Wang1; Yung Jen Lin2; Bo Cheng Lai1; Hong Bo Yang2; Jia Min Chen2; 1National Taipei University of Technology; 2Tatung University
Isovalent and aliovalent substitutions in the cationic and anionic sites of Ca4(La4Pr2)(SiO4)4(PO4)2O2 ceramics were explored in this study. Substitutions of (SiO4)4- ions with (GeO4)4- in Ca4(La4Pr2)(SiO4)4(PO4)2O2 ceramic increased its densification temperature and thus led to a significant grain growth; however, replacement of Ca2+ and (PO4)3- ions by Mg2+ ions and (VO4)3- ions, respectively, decreased its densification temperature and resulted in grain refinement. Various rare-earth-metal and (WO4)2- ion substitutions on La3+ and Pr3+ and (PO4)3- sites, respectively, of Ca4(La4Pr2)(SiO4)4(PO4)2O2 ceramic had no impact on the sintering temperature. In the case of Ca4(La4Pr2)(SiO4)4(PO4)2O2 apatite with Mg2+ and (WO4)2- ion substitutions, second phases were observed in the X-ray diffraction patterns; however, only the pure hexagonal apatite phase with space group P63/m was visible in all the other systems. Overall, Ca4(La2Nd2Pr2)(SiO4)4(PO4)2O2 ceramic has the best microwave dielectric properties including εr = 14.2, Q × f = 28,745 GHz and τf = 0.9 ppm/°C.
E-23: Nanotwinned Copper Films Retaining High Strength and Moderate Elongation after Low Temperature Annealing: Hsiang-Yuan Cheng1; Chih Chen1; 1National Chiao Tung University
Recently, highly (111) preferred nanotwinned copper (nt-Cu) has been studied for applications in 3D IC packaging and electrodes for batteries. The mechanical strength and hardness of nt-Cu is almost the same comparing to Cu alloys, but nt-Cu possesses a better electrical conductivity, which is almost the same as bulk Cu. For some applications, the Cu films may ranges from 5 µm to 50µm. However, the mechanical properties of the nt-Cu films as a function of plating thickness is not clear.In this study, four different thickness of nt-Cu: 5µm, 10µm,30µm,and 50µm were electroplated, and some of them were annealed at 150oC. Then they are subjected to hardness and tensile tests. We used a tensile tester and a nanoindenter to investigate the elongation and hardness of each sample. We aim to fabricate Cu films with various thickness with desirable elongation and hardness after low temperature annealing at 150oC.
Cancelled
E-24: Preparation of Porous Carbon Materials and its Application in Supercapacitors: XiaoMeng Yang1; PengFei Tang1; WeiJun Peng1; Ibrar Zahid1; GuiHong Han1; Zhang YongSheng1; 1Zhengzhou University
Abstract: With the depletion of fossil fuel, a number of emerging energy sources account for an increasing demand of nowadays energy structure. The electric energy is gradually leading, and the development of efficient and safe energy storage devices is imminent. In this paper, a formaldehyde-free phenolic resin using widely available biomass resources was used as a carbon precursor. After curing, carbonization and activation (KOH、ZnCl2 are activators), a porous carbon material with a specific surface area of 268 m2 g-1 was prepared, and was used as the cathode for supercapacitors. The porous carbon material, in a three-electrode system (6M KOH is an electrolyte, Hg/HgO is the reference electrode), presented excellent capacity of 190 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1, with a cycle of 1000 cycles and a capacity retention of 88%.Keywords: formaldehyde-free phenolic resin; activation; porous carbon; supercapacitors
Cancelled
E-25: Raman Spectroscopy Study of Amorphous MnO2 and α-MnO2 Cathodes in Rechargeable Zn-metal Batteries: Michael Kindle1; Samantha Robillard1; John McCloy1; Min-Kyu Song1; 1Washington State University
The increased demand for energy storage, especially grid-energy storage, with the rising cost of lithium and cobalt chemistries is creating a significant demand for alternative rechargeable battery chemistries. While Zn-MnO2 are traditionally primary batteries with an alkaline electrolyte, changing to acidic electrolytes improves the reversibility of Zn-MnO2 metal batteries. However, significant degradation, including the dissolution of MnO2, still occurs within these cells, thus limiting the cyclability of this chemistry. In this study, Raman spectroscopy was used to gain new insights on the degradation causes and potential solutions of rechargeable Zn-MnO2 batteries. Specifically, amorphous and α-MnO2 were examined to compare degradation caused by material composition, versus by crystallinity and grains. Effectively determining the causes and mechanisms of cathodic degradation as well as the separator will be a promising method for finding potential mitigation strategies to improve cycle life.
E-26: Solid State Phase Change Materials for Energy Storage: Developing a Database: Xiaochuan Tang1; Christopher Weinberger1; 1Colorado State University
Most materials used today for energy storage as part of thermal management strategies utilize the latent heat associated with liquid-vapor and solid-liquid phase changes. However, some high power electronics require thermal management devices based on energy storage that are very fast, compact, and have a specified transformation temperatures which makes solid-solid phase transformations potentially the best solution. However, there is a lack of information, notably a database, that contains the necessary information including transition temperature, heats of formation and thermal conductivity, to select and design these materials for specific applications. Here, we present our initial effort into developing a database that aggregates this unique information that can be used for material selection, design, and optimization. This database is then used to identify some solid-solid phase change materials that meet the needs of energy storage and cooling for high power electronics during peak operations.
E-27: Strategies for the Viability of Li-S Rechargeable Batteries by Using Nanotechnology: Eunho Cha1; Sanket Bhoyate1; Wonbong Choi1; 1University of North Texas
Li-S batteries have a noticeable advantage in terms of energy density over Li-ion batteries. Despite the advantages of Li-S batteries, the useful energy density and the commercial progress of Li-S batteries are still far from satisfactory. This work discusses the method to prepare the electrode materials (both cathodes and anodes) by using three-dimensional carbon nanotubes-sulfur (3D CNTs-S) composite structure and by protecting the Li anode with two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (2D MoS2) layer. As a result, high areal and specific capacities of 8.8 mAh cm−2 and 1068 mAh g−1, respectively, with the sulfur loading of ~7 mg cm−2 are demonstrated; furthermore, the cells operated at a current density of ~6 mA cm−2 (0.5 C) for over 500 cycles with the minimum about of electrolyte (< 6 μL mg−1). This translates to the specific energy and power densities of ~550 Wh kg−1 and ~300 W kg−1, respectively.
Cancelled
E-28: Synthesis of Nanoencapsulated Phase Change Materials with Ag Shell for Thermal Energy Storage: Huanmei Yuan1; Hao Bai1; Jian Zhang1; Zefei Zhang1; 1University of Science and Technology Beijing
Encapsulated phase change materials have been widely applied in energy-saving and energy efficient process, while poor thermal conductivity of shell materials is the key problem needed to be solved for micro/nanocapsules to satisfy the requirement of fast temperature response in some fields. In this study, a chemical reduction method was proposed to prepare nanocapsules with lauric acid (LA) as core and silver as shell which can improve the heat transfer performance. The results show that the thermal storage capability of the nanocapsules reached 95.29J/g and the encapsulation ratio was 67.21%. Furthermore, the enthalpy loss of melting and freezing was negligible after 2000 cycles, indicating its good thermal reliabilities. Most importantly, the thermal conductivity enhancement of the nanocapsules can be as high as 333% to that of pure LA. Owing to these excellent properties, the nanocapsules are promising for thermal energy storage and thermo-regulation applications.
E-29: Theoretical Prediction of Intercalation Compounds Formed by Co-Intercalation of Mg Ions with Diamine into Graphite Anodes for Mg-Ion Batteries: Pegah Mirabedini1; P. Alex Greaney1; 1University of California, Riverside
Mg as the working ions in rechargeable batteries combined the advantages of carrying +2 charge while promising a low reduction potential and high specific capacity. However, Mg-metal is strongly passivated and so makes a poor anode. One approach to an alternative anode material for Mg storage is co-intercalation into graphite anodes of Mg with ethylenediamine. We present the results of density functional theory calculations examining likely structures, packing, and energetics of these co-intercalation compounds. A systematic analysis of possible cis and trans molecules followed by addition of metal ions to the stable structures is performed to examine bonding and charge density. More complicated compounds and whether the metal ions will dimerize in the structure are studied and intercalated between the graphene layers to determine the interlayer spacing, stability, and charge transfer after intercalation. The results will contribute to the fabrication of GICs with improved capacity and battery performance.
E-30: Thermal Cycling of Room Temperature Ionic Liquid-based Supercapacitors for Aerospace Applications: Julia Allen1; Jud Ready1; 1Georgia Tech Research Institute
Energy storage in aerospace applications is challenging due to the cost of maintenance and repairs as well as the harsh conditions that the devices must survive. Batteries are one common method of storing energy on satellites and other aerospace equipment; however, replacing these batteries when they fail is often cost prohibitive. Room temperature ionic liquid-based supercapacitors have demonstrated power densities of 400 kW/kg and energy densities of 800 J/kg making them a viable energy storage alternative. Thermal cycling in an environmental chamber will be used to test potential supercapacitor designs prior to in-orbit testing. Supercapacitors will be fabricated using a photolithography process and chemical vapor deposition system to create vertically-aligned carbon nanotube electrodes. The environmental chamber will be used to recreate, as closely as possible, the temperature of a low earth orbit for comparing the performance of supercapacitors with different ionic liquid electrolytes using cyclic voltammetry.
E-31: Understanding Dendritic Growth in Mg-based Batteries and Design of Metallic Anodes: Rachel Davidson1; Sarbajit Banerjee1; 1Texas A&M University
There is great interest in moving beyond lithium-ion towards magnesium-based electrochemical energy systems driven in large measure by the alleged imperviousness of metallic magnesium to dendrite formation, which would allow for the use of metal anodes affording much higher capacities than graphite. We recently demonstrated the remarkable formation of Mg dendrites upon the electrodeposition of Grignard reagents in ethereal solvents under galvanostatic conditions monitored using in situ videomicroscopy. Mechanisms of formation are understood by examining effects of applied current density and concentration of the electrolyte revealing morphologies ranging from fractals composed of aggregated 2D hexagonal plates to highly crystalline dendritic deposits with singular growth fronts. Formation of substrate-bound Mg nanowires and hollow particles with extended coverage across large areas which can potentially be used as frameworks for high-surface area Mg anodes exhibiting reduced propensity for dendrite formation will further be discussed.