Biological Materials Science: Biomimetic and Bioinspired Materials
Sponsored by: TMS Functional Materials Division, TMS Structural Materials Division, TMS: Biomaterials Committee
Program Organizers: Steven Naleway, University of Utah; Jing Du, Pennsylvania State University; Rajendra Kasinath, DePuy Synthes (Johnson and Johnson); David Restrepo, University of Texas at San Antonio
Monday 2:30 PM
February 24, 2020
Room: Leucadia
Location: Marriott Marquis Hotel
Session Chair: Rajendra Kasinath, DePuy Synthes (Johnson and Johnson); Maryam Hosseini, Purdue University
2:30 PM Invited
The Convergence of Biology and Materials Through Bioinspiration: Marc Meyers1; 1University of California San Diego
The field of biological materials science, comprising biological materials, biomaterials, and bioinspired materials, is undergoing a rapid development and merges the threoretical, analytical, and characterization capabilities of MSE with the broad universe of biology. Distinct structural design elements have been identified in biological materials which lend themselves to analysis and have general priciples across species. The prinicipal ones are reviewed with emphasis on their structural features and mechanical performance. They are serving as inspiration for bioinspired structures produced, principally, by additive manufacture. The methodology is illustrated by examples from our research on feathers, fish scales, whale baleen, and teeth.
3:00 PM
Density Control in Wood-templated Epoxy-silicon Carbide Composites: Albert Matsushita1; Daniel Kupor1; Joanna McKittrick1; 1Univ of California San Diego
Wood-templated silicon carbide (SiC) has been shown to exceed the per-unit-density mechanical performance of conventional porous SiC fabricated via reaction formation. However, the final ceramic mesostructure’s complete dependence on that of the natural wood precludes serious engineering applications. Here it is shown how delignification coupled with densification provide new tools to alter native wood porosity with the specific application of tuning the ceramic-polymer ratio of strong and tough composites for structural and impact-resistant applications. This work was supported by a Multi-University Research Initiative through the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR-FA9550-15-1–0009) and a National Science Foundation Biomaterials Grant (1507978).
3:20 PM
Energy Absorbing and Toughening Strategies in Reinforced Tubule Architectures: Audrey Velasco-Hogan1; Marc Meyers1; 1University of California San Diego
Many remarkable energy absorbent materials are found in nature including bones, teeth, hooves, and fish scales. These materials harness energy absorbing strategies, despite being composed of relatively weak constituents, through structural organization. One design strategy of interest is the tubule architecture. Tubules are organized porosity typically found along the primary loading direction. While the tubule architecture is known to absorb energy, the effects of the tubule size, porosity and the volume fraction of the mineral phase have not been fully understood. Herein, 3D printing is used to generate systematic tubule architecture composites with various sizes, degrees of porosity and volume fraction of the stiff phase. These architectures are mechanically tested under quasi-static compression, single-notch bending, and dynamic mechanical compression to investigate the energy absorbing and toughening mechanisms.
3:40 PM Invited
Bioinspired Design of Multi-scale Structures: From the Nano- to the Micro- and Macro-Scales: Winston Soboyejo1; 1Worcester Polytechnic Institute
The bio-inspired design of multi-scale structures is presented in this paper. The structural features and mechanical properties of moso culm bamboo (between the nano-scale and the macro-scale) are used as a source of inspiration for the design of robust structures that are resistant to buckling and cracking. The multi-scale structure of the tortoise shell is also explored as a source of inspiration for the design of porous layered structures that are resistant to deformation and cracking. Simple unit cell models are then proposed for the prediction of the observed phenomena. The potential implications of the results are discussed for the design of energy absorbing porous structures.
4:10 PM Break
4:25 PM Invited
Bioinspired Design of Next Generation Structural and Thermal Materials: Nima Rahbar1; 1Worcester Polytechnic Institute
This talk focuses on the fundamental ideas arising from understanding the mechanisms behind the superior properties of biological materials through spe- cific examples of nacre, bamboo, tooth, cartilage and lipid bilayers. We have shown the outstanding mechanical behavior of nacre is primarily due to the existence of nano-pillars with near-theoretical strength. We have experimentally and numerically studied mechanical and fracture properties of bamboo at multiple scales. We have shown that while hemicel- lulose has better thermodynamic and mechanical properties than lignin, lignin exhibits a greater tendency to adhere to cellulose nanofibrils, and therefore provides the strength in bamboo fibers. The results of our non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations for a range of different temperature gradients show that the thermal properties of the Dipalmi- toylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayer are highly dependent on the temperature gradient. These results provide significant new insights into developing new thermal insulation for engineering applications such as thermal diodes.
4:55 PM
Bioinspired Porous Materials Through Ice and Ultrasound Templating: Max Mroz1; Taylor Ogden1; Isaac Nelson1; Milo Prisbrey1; Bart Raeymaekers1; Steven Naleway1; 1University of Utah
Porous scaffolds with layered structures at varying length scales are frequently found in nature and allow biological materials to meet the mechanical and functional requirements of their environment. This differs from human-engineered structures that employ a variety of materials to meet specific functions. We present methods for replicating natural structures across multiple length scales, from the macroscale to the nanoscale, to manufacture hierarchical materials from simple constituents. We employ freeze casting to template a ceramic scaffold through the growth of ice crystals while applying an ultrasound field as a tunable mask to create periodic structures within the scaffold. This manufacturing method is capable of fabricating materials for a variety of applications such as filtration, biomedical functional materials, and structural materials.
5:15 PM Invited
Mechanics of Segmented Protection in Nature and in Engineering: A Rich Landscape for Tunability and Performance: Francois Barthelat1; Ali Shafiei2; 1University of Colorado Boulder; 2McGill University
Segmented natural armors such as fish scales display unique and attractive combinations of hardness, flexibility and light weight. These protective systems have started to serve as model for bio-inspiration, but there is still little guideline for the choice of materials, optimum thickness, size, shape and arrangement for synthetic protective scales. In this talk I will review our recent experimental and modeling work on the mechanics of natural and synthetic scales. In particular I will discuss how hard plates on soft substrates or membranes which are orders of magnitude softer than the plates can give rise to a rich set of mechanisms for puncture, flexion and buckling by way of controlled scales-substrate and scale-scale interactions. Asymmetries in stiffness, high puncture resistance, non-linearities and buckling modes can be manipulated with the geometry and arrangement of the scales. These lessons are now implemented in high-performance, flexible protective systems.
5:45 PM
Fabricating Bioinspired Helical and Bouligand Scaffolds using a Tri-axial Nested Helmholtz Coils-based Freeze-casting Setup: Isaac Nelson1; Paul Wadsworth1; Max Mroz1; Owen Kingstedt1; Jamie Kruzic2; Steven Naleway1; 1University of Utah; 2UNSW Sydney
Porous structures with tailored microstructures are critical to a variety of engineering and biological materials. Helical and Bouligand structures are of particular interest as they tend to have high mechanical toughness and provide impact resistance. Such structures are seen in a number of natural materials including the mantis shrimp clubs and grasshopper exoskeletons, where toughness is a critical property. To mimic these structures in porous scaffolds, we integrate the freeze-casting fabrication technique with a controllable uniform low (<10mT) magnetic field via a tri-axial nested Helmholtz coil. The freeze-casting fabrication technique uses the formation of ice crystals in a slurry to create pores. During the formation of ice crystals, the Helmholtz coils are controlled to apply a magnetic field in various helical and Bouligand patterns altering the direction of Fe3O4 particle alignment within the slurry. This alignment thereby alters the microstructure, enhancing the toughness and impact resistance of the resultant scaffolds.