Recycling of Secondary, Byproduct Materials and Energy: Environmental and Energy Aspects
Sponsored by: TMS Extraction and Processing Division, TMS: Recycling and Environmental Technologies Committee
Program Organizers: Mingming Zhang, Baowu Ouyeel Co. Ltd; John Howarter, Purdue University; Elsa Olivetti, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Alan Luo, Ohio State University; Adam Powell, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Ziqi Sun, Queensland University of Technology
Wednesday 8:30 AM
February 26, 2020
Room: 16A
Location: San Diego Convention Ctr
Session Chair: Adam Powell, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Ziqi Sun, Queensland University of Technology; Chengguang Bai, Chongqing University
8:30 AM Introductory Comments
8:35 AM
To Recycle or Not to Recycle – Critical Row Materials in Extreme Conditions – European Union Perspective and Challenges: Dragan Rajnovic1; 1University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Serbia
Reliable and unrestricted access to raw materials is a growing concern within the EU and across the globe. In view of that, the European Commission has created a list of critical raw materials (CRMs) for the EU. The CRMs combine raw materials of high importance to the EU economy and of high risk associated with their supply. Especial concern is given to the CRM (like Cr, Co, Nb, W, Y) in extreme conditions of application of temperature, loading, friction, wear, corrosion, for application in energy, aerospace, automotive and machinery manufacturing industries. Regarding high importance of the CRM in extreme conditions, a challenging question arise; is it possible to achieve a full material life-cycle by a recycling methods, or a path of full substitution of CRM by readily available materials is way to proceed. The challenges and perspectives of different approaches will be presented and discussed.
8:55 AM
Mechanical Beneficiation of End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Battery Components: Haruka Pinegar1; York Smith1; 1University of Utah
Effective mechanical treatment of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to recover a high yield of enriched active electrode materials (i.e., lithium metal oxide and graphite) is key to achieve a robust LIB recycling process. In this study, shredding and sieving were performed on LIB packs of three cell types (prismatic, cylindrical and pouch cells) to investigate the separation and liberation of LIB components. The result demonstrated that a significant portion of lithium metal oxide remained unliberated from the aluminum foil after shredding. Of the physical liberation methods investigated, it was shown that attrition milling of shredded LIB packs effectively separated LIB components, and enriched active materials, metal foils and low value components into <500 μm, 500 μm - 2 mm and >2 mm fractions, respectively. A combination of shredding, sieving and attrition milling demonstrates to be a promising mechanical/physical method for the liberation and beneficiation of LIB components.
9:15 AM
Engineered Carbon Products from Sustainable Lignin Feedstocks for Energy Applications: Valerie Garcia-Negron1; David Harper1; David Keffer2; Orlando Rios3; 1Center for Renewable Carbon; 2University of Tennessee, Knoxville; 3Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Sustainable and low-cost carbon materials are of significant interest due to the high demand in commercial energy applications. Lignin is an attractive, low cost carbon-rich biopolymer that can fill this need. Previously, lignin was used to form carbon-carbon composites containing nanocrystalline and amorphous domains of turbostratic graphitic structures. In this work, the processing-structure-property relationship of carbon composites generated from lignin feedstocks is studied as a function of carbonization temperature, which was used to control nanocrystallite size and volume fraction of crystalline domains. High-energy x-ray scattering from a synchrotron source reveals the atomic and micro structure of the carbon composites. Scattering data is used to complement a hierarchical decomposition model of the radial distribution function to unambiguously characterize the material. Electrochemistry studies are conducted on Li-ion batteries containing anodes made from carbon composites of kraft softwood and hardwoods with promising performance approaching or exceeding commercial graphite.
9:35 AM
Assessing the Techno-economic Feasibility of Solvent-based, Critical Material Recovery from Uncertain, End-of-life Battery Feedstock: Chukwunwike Iloeje1; Yusra Khalid1; Joe Cresko2; Diane Graziano1; 1Argonne National Laboratory; 2United States Department of Energy
As emerging technologies drive up demand for rare earths, value recovery from recycling end-of-life products provides an option for partially closing the material loop, conserving natural capital and enhancing resource security. Yet the techno-economic feasibility of recycling depends on uncertainties associated with the feed input to the recovery process and the effect of these uncertainties on the viability of the recycling facility. In this study, we couple a first principles solvent extraction model with an economic model for a separations facility and apply it to assess byproducts recovery and rare earths separation from spent nickel-metal hydride batteries, illustrating the significance of parametric uncertainties. The study shows the importance of risk-informed decision making in the investment, design, and operation of recycling facilities.
9:55 AM Cancelled
Thermal Route of Synthesis of Different Metal Oxide Nanoparticles from Spent Zn-C Battery and its Application as a Catalysts in Internet of Things: Kamrul Hassan1; Rifat Farzana1; Veena Sahajwalla1; 1SMaRT@UNSW
Disposable batteries are becoming the elementary sources of e-waste generation, creating concern regarding environmental, and health issues. Consequently, a sustainable recycling approach of spent batteries has become a critical focus. Moreover, the emerging internet of things (IoT) technology will connect many untethered devices, e.g. energy storage device, sensors, and wearable electronics, to uplift healthy lifestyle. Thus, conversion of spent battery back into IoT application is of eminent significance for sustainable strategies. Compared with complex and hazardous chemical routes to recover materials from Zn-C battery, this study establishes the recovery of ZnO and Mn3O4 nanoparticles simultaneously via thermal route under controlled atmosphere and used as a catalysts to synthesize the hybridized composite for electrode and sensing material. As synthesized Mn3O4 electrode exhibited highest capacitance value of 125 Fg−1 at 5 mVs−1 scan rate and ZnO NPs decorated hybridized composite materials also exhibited sensing capability of distinguishing different VOCs at room temperature.
10:15 AM Break
10:30 AM Cancelled
Metal Extraction from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash and Immobilization of Toxic Metals in Residue: Burçak Ebin1; Britt-Marie Steenari1; 1Chalmers University of Technology
Fly ash originated from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is classified as a hazardous waste due to its content of valuable and toxic metals and possible presence of toxic organic substances. Strict environmental regulations on landfilling of MSWI fly ash and its considerable content of metals and minerals, initiated research work to develop a process for the recovery of heavy metals from this waste. This study focuses on not only valuable and toxic metal extraction, copper, zinc, lead and antimony, from fly ash but also on reducing the mobility of heavy metals in the treated ash for further landfilling. The samples were supplied from a waste to energy plant located in Sweden. A sustainable recovery and treatment process including several stages like washing, thermal pretreatment and leaching using organic and inorganic acids were studied. The results indicate that valuable metals can be extracted from the ash and toxic metals immobilized.
10:50 AM
Development of a Carbo-granulation Process for the Manufacture of Artificial Aggregates using Mining Residues and Carbon Dioxide: Elisabeth Viry1; Lan Huong Tran1; Jean-François Blais1; Guy Mercier1; Louis-César Pasquier1; 1INRS - ETE
This study aims to the mitigation of a phosphate mining project impacts by finding a valorization solution for the 170 Mt of flotation residues forecasted to be produced in Sept-Îles, Quebec. A granulation process has been developed to transform the initial waste into valuable aggregates, which could be used as concrete or pavement components. Moreover, carbon dioxide has been used as a component of the granulation drum atmosphere. This allows to explore the possibility of processing the industrial residues with the exhaust gases of two adjacent industries, including a major aluminum refinery.The presentation of the project will include all the experimental method, from the initial material characterization to the results concerning the compressing strength of the manufactured aggregates. Granulation tendencies and main influencing factors will be outlined, as well as an evaluation of the cost and of the greenhouse gases that could be emitted at an industrial scale.
11:10 AM Cancelled
Thermodynamic Analysis and Reduction of Anosovite with Methane at Low Temperature: Run Zhang1; Gangqiang Fan1; Mingbo Song1; Chaowen Tan1; Jie Dang2; 1College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University; 2State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology
The utilization of titanium resource in titanium-containing blast furnace slag (TiO2 about 23 wt%) is an unsolved problem, which is caused by its complex mineralogical composition. The titanium oxide (TiO2) and other metal oxides contained in titanium-bearing blast furnace slag can be precipitated out in the form of anosovite (M3O5), which is the main titanium-containing phase in the slag, by adjusting the slag composition and cooling condition. In this study, thermodynamic calculation was performed to analyze the reduction of anosovite with methane. It was found that all anosovite could be reduced to titanium oxycarbide (TiCxOy) with methane at a low temperature, while the increase of temperature was beneficial to the formation of TiCxOy. The experimental results were basically consistent with the thermodynamic results. The results indicated that the low-temperature reduction of titanium-containing blast furnace slag by methane was feasible, which provided a possible way to use titanium-bearing blast furnace slag.