2022 Undergraduate Student Poster Contest: 2022 Undergraduate Student Poster Contest
Program Organizers: Yolanda Natividad, American Ceramic Society

Monday 5:00 PM
October 10, 2022
Room: Ballroom BC
Location: David L. Lawrence Convention Center

3D Printed Ceramics for Sensing Applications: Francisco Rodriguez¹; Adedapo Ajayi¹; Jing Zhang¹; ¹Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis
    In this work, we present preliminary results of 3D printing of ceramics for sensing applications. Based on the direct ink writing technique, barium titanate ceramic powder is mixed with binder to form a slurry specifically for an in-house designed ceramic 3D printer. Simple shaped geometries are successfully printed. The mechanical properties are evaluated for the printed components.

A Novel High-energy X-ray Diffraction Microscopy (HEDM) Processing Algorithm for Reconstructing Large 3D Intragranular Orientation Gradients : Meddelin Setiawan¹; Katherine Shanks²; Allison Beese¹; Darren Pagan¹; ¹Pennsylvania State University; ²Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source
    Additively manufactured engineering alloys are often highly deformed in the as-built state, containing complex microstructures and large intragranular orientation gradients that are a challenge to quantify with existing 3D characterization techniques. An existing algorithm to process high-energy X-ray diffraction microscopy (HEDM) data has previously been shown to be able to reconstruct orientation gradients within polycrystals. However, the method has only been demonstrated on model, lightly worked specimens with small orientation distributions. To improve HEDM’s readiness as a non-destructive and robust characterization tool, a new algorithm has been developed to extend the reconstruction method to large intragranular orientation distributions. The method is demonstrated by reconstructing a functionally graded Ti-6Al-4V to V specimen that is representative of complex additively manufactured engineering alloys.

Applications of Mask R-CNN Image Analysis for Satellite Detection in Additive Manufacturing: Stephen Price¹; ¹Worcester Polytechnic Institute
    With the growing applications of cold-spray technology, the ability to quickly analyze and compare powder qualities has become increasingly important. Previous materials science and engineering research has demonstrated Mask R-CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) models' capability to meet this need, distinguishing satellites from their corresponding parent-particle within an image. However, this was performed on a homogeneous dataset with only slight variation, consisting of only one powder type collected at a single magnification. The present work builds upon this, providing the following contributions: 1) demonstrates a Mask R-CNN can be implemented on a diverse dataset of multiple powders at various magnifications, 2) provides a tool to convert model predictions into image annotations, allowing a partially-automated process to grow a dataset rapidly, 3) highlights potential reproducibility issues within Mask R-CNN models due to inherent nondeterminism and providing possible resolutions.

Applying Bioactive Glass for Long-term Drug Delivery : Marie Sykes¹; Casey Schwarz¹; ¹Ursinus College
    Ever since bioactive glasses were discovered in 1969, they have traditionally been used for bone repair and regeneration. However, they carry other useful purposes as well, and have shown they have potential in long-term drug delivery. I have characterized Mo-Sci's OL-GL 1756B and proven that with their porous structure they can both absorb solution and release it over a period of a few days.

Automated Quantification of Microstructure & Damage in Large SiC-SiC CMC Computed Tomography Datasets via Machine Learning: Tyriek Craigs¹; Ashley Hilmas²; Craig Przybyla²; ¹SOCHE; ²AFRL/RXCC
    X-ray CT imaging is a 3D imaging technique used to obtain detailed internal images within a material. This technique is valuable because it allows for the ability to both visualize and quantify the entire volume of complex 3D microstructures. While such valuable information can be obtained through these techniques, the ability to accurately and efficiently quantify these datasets manually has proven to be difficult. With the development of machine learning algorithms it’s now feasible to automate the segmentation process, in-turn reducing the R&D time for these materials. This work focuses a machine learning algorithm that was developed to quantify the initial microstructure of a SiC-SiC ceramic matrix composite (CMC) and the algorithms currently being developed to track damage evolution throughout the CMC. The objective is to develop an algorithm that can discern the microstructure while tracking the formation of damage before and after in-situ mechanical testing.

Biodegradable Films for Food Packaging: Elizabeth Stump¹; ¹University of Utah
    Landfills have never been a beautiful sight to see, yet sadly they are a necessary one because many plastic products cannot be recycled and instead live out the rest of their life, 300 to 1 million years, in a landfill. The goal of this research was to better understand the biodegradable polymer backbones available in order to pave the way for further research on biodegradable films which could potentially be used for sandwich bags and plastic wrap.

Biomimetic Structural Self-assembly: Ryan Wager¹; ¹WVU Medicine Dept. of Orthopedics
    Biomimetic structures act as building blocks for biomedical engineering. Learning more about these structures will improve our understanding on how to apply these structures for various bio-medical applications. In this study, innovative biomimetic structures were generated using layer-by-layer self-assembly. Various chemical combinations including poly-L-lysine (PLL)/poly-L-glutamic acid (PLGA) coatings and PLL/poly sodium 4-styrenesulfonate (PSS) coatings were studied. These coatings were formed based on electrostatic interactions. Various substrate materials such as stainless steel, quartz, and glass were used to prepare the biomimetic structures. Each substrate was dipped into the chemical solution for 15 minutes rinsed with deionized water, and then air dried before being placed into the next solution, rinsed, and dried. This process was repeated for forty cycles to create the biomimetic structures. The self-assembly process was carried out manually. A robotic machine was also used to increase production. The produced biomimetic structures were imaged using a scanning electronic microscope.

Capacitive Deionization for Rare Earth Element Separations and Recovery: Clara Ehinger¹; Alondra Sanchez¹; Lauren Valentino¹; ¹Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Lab
    Praseodymium and neodymium, rare earth elements (REE), are designated as critical materials because of their importance to the nation’s security and clean energy transition. The processes to mine and refine REEs are currently energy and carbon intensive. Electrochemical separation technologies, including capacitive deionization (CDI), provide a sustainable alternative. In principle, an aqueous solution flows between two porous conductive electrodes under an applied potential. Ions electrosorb to the electrodes and until the potential is removed, resulting in their release. This work demonstrates the applicability of CDI for praseodymium and neodymium separation using activated carbon cloth electrodes. Modification of CDI configuration and operating parameters were assessed, indicating that performance is dependent on operating conditions. Additionally, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy was used to quantify REE concentrations before and after each experiment and confirm REE mass balance. Overall, this work informs the development of a new separation platform for the separation and recovery of REEs.

Characterization of LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂ Solid Oxide Cathodes through In-operando X-ray Diffractionn: Matthew Frame¹; ¹Carnegie Mellon University
    Electrochemical and structural properties of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cathode materials were investigated through galvanostatic cycling and in-operando x-ray diffraction. The conductivity & degree of surficial cracking were investigated to optimize the cell performance. Conductivity was varied through composition, and a 30% reduction in battery capacity was observed in the (96/2/2) composition of NMC/C conductive/PVDF binder additive. Variations in surficial cracking did not show a strong correlation with battery performance. Coin cells with an 80/10/10 composition were constructed with minimal surficial cracking for in-operando XRD. XRD was conducted with an Ag anode between 2theta = 5 and 2theta = 25, and a minute shift in the d-spacing of the 101 plane was observed before cell failure. Cell failure at 4V charge was due to a loss in stack pressure, and future work would benefit from stiffer x-ray transparent windows, and from a transmission geometry.

Characterizing Wood Species using Electron Microscopy: Elliot Frankel¹; Sara Gibson¹; Allison Weller¹; Vincent Du¹; Timothy Yang¹; ¹Carnegie Mellon University
    Wood has unique, architecturally useful properties, and is a highly versatile material. Understanding its material properties is important for optimizing its applications. In this project, the presence of tracheid (typically found in softwood) and fiber (typically in hardwood) cells were explored. The size of pores between and within the cells of hardwoods and softwoods are also different. Secondary electron emission imaging was used to examine fifty species of wood. The project focused on obtaining clear images of pores and cells, and used FIJI software to measure the pore sizes present. The pore size and density were then related to the type of wood to observe general trends between hardwoods and softwoods. However, there are limitations to scanning electron microscopy when it comes to analyzing wood. Future research may include utilizing focused ion beam imaging and mechanical property testing to gain insight on how the structure of wood determines its properties.

Comparative Study of Clustering Methods for Additive Manufacturing: Mansi Gera¹; ¹Worcester Polytechnic Institute
     Material science research is crucial to understand and apply the properties of matter to be able to connect the structure of a material with its performance in application. However, analyzing datasets to reach such conclusions has proven to be a strenuous, difficult process. For this project I used a dataset for a Caesium-Nitrogen soldering alloy with 25000 indentations performed, and compared the clustering algorithmic compatibility for the nanoidentation mapping data. The clustering plots for K-Means were more precise and meticulous than the other clustering methods studied, proving to be a recommended procedure. To aid the process of clustering for material science and data science users, and to understand various clustering methods as they apply to material science properties, I am helping build an interface that incorporates interactive data visualization. Identifying highly efficient clustering methods and by making this interface accessible to the general public can expedite research for material scientists.

Computer Vision and Machine-learning Approaches to 2-D High Energy X-ray Diffraction Image Analysis for Phase Detection: Zhuldyz Ualikhankyzy¹; Weiqi Yue¹; Pawan Tripathi¹; Nathaniel Tomczak¹; Gabriel Ponon¹; Laura Bruckman¹; Matthew Willard¹; Vipin Chaudhary¹; Roger French¹; ¹Case Western Reserve University
    High energy X-ray diffraction (XRD) at synchrotron beamlines provides information about materials’ crystalline structure and properties such as crystalline phases, texture, and solute dislocation density, to name a few. Most of the XRD analysis software developed during the last decades required human assistance resulting in an inherited bias in handling large volumes of data. They also relied on transforming the 2-D grayscale images into 1-D intensity plots. Although functional, this method involves many steps reflected in its low analysis throughput, which may lead to terabytes of data never analyzed. We explored a novel approach to build a comprehensive pipeline based on Image Processing, Computer Vision, and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms utilizing distributed and high-performance computing and have developed a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to perform on-the-fly phase identification. A statistical analysis performed to ensure the quality of image processing provides insights into potential ways to improve the approach developed.

Conversion of Additively Manufactured Polymer Matrix Composites to High Temperature Ceramic Composites: Branen Bussey¹; Connor Wyckoff²; William Costakis³; Roneisha Haney⁴; Lisa Rueschoff⁴; Amber Powell⁴; ¹SOCHE; ²UES, Inc.`; ³National Research Council Research Associate Program; ⁴Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, WPAFB
    Continuous fiber composites provide added toughness to otherwise brittle materials but are difficult to manufacture. Additive manufacturing (AM) allows formation of intricate shapes that would otherwise require complex processing procedures. Continuous Fiber 3D Printing (CF3DŽ) has been developed to yield complex-shaped Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC) components at elevated speeds and reduced costs compared to traditional manufacturing. PMCs produced by CF3DŽ will be pyrolyzed to form a preform that will be densified using a polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) technique, forming a ceramic matrix composite (CMC). Initial pyrolyzation was performed at various temperatures and heating rates and the resulting carbon fiber preform was characterized to determine porosity and residual char. A carbon-yielding polymeric resin was chosen to densify the preform through vacuum infiltrations. This poster will present the thermal characterization of the PMCs as well as preliminary microstructural characterization of the composites after thermal treatment and densification.

Creation and Characterization of Solution-based Chalcogenide Thin Films Using As₂S₃ and As₂Se₃: Annabella Orsini¹; ¹Ursinus College
    Chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) have a wide range of multidisciplinary applications. There are, however, improvements that can be made to the films’ stability, cost, and flexibility. This work seeks to produce thin films that have these advantages, with capabilities comparable or better than what is widely used in the field. Here we will report a solution-based method for the creation of ChG thin films. Both bulk As₂S₃ and As₂Se₃ compounds in combination with an ethylenediamine (EDA) solvent were explored. Spin coating procedures were utilized during the film making process. The spin-coating technique has been successful in comparison to thermal deposition in producing homogeneous thin films that can be adjusted in thickness by altering spin speeds. A vacuum oven was used to lessen the chance of impurities during the baking of the thin films. The completed thin films were then tested for their transmission capabilities using UV-Vis spectroscopy.

Designing and Manufacturing a Pill Coater for Consumer Use: Nolan Clark¹; ¹McMaster University
    My internship project at the McMaster Manufacturing Research Institute (MMRI) was submitted by a client who wanted us to design and fabricate a functional prototype of a commercial pill coater. Our client wanted a product that was compact, consumer friendly, easy to operate and clean, and safe for home use. We began by researching current pill coating technologies, and after gathering several promising concepts, we developed and 3D printed several low-fidelity prototypes. After testing each model’s effectiveness with trial runs, we decided on a promising method of tumbling the pills in air and spraying them with a coating. Further 3D modelling and planning lead to several versions of this prototype, each with their own benefits, drawbacks, and areas of improvement. After conferencing several times with our client, we purchased components and raw materials, had further design meetings to increase safety and user-friendliness, and manufactured a high-fidelity final prototype.

Development of Mechanical Characterization Techniques for the Improvement of Aluminum-Cerium Alloy Processing: Madeline Loveday¹; ¹University of Tennessee, Knoxville
    Cerium inclusion in aluminum alloys reveals a complex microstructure that has improved mechanical and electrochemical properties. Tribological mechanical characterization performed via CAT (Characterization via Automated Tribology) testing, corrosion testing, high-temperature hardness testing, and tensile testing, has been used to develop a materials properties database for aluminum-cerium alloys. Tensile and hardness testing were performed on samples at increasing increments of temperature to relate mechanical properties and thermal energy. Electrochemical properties were determined by analyzing data collected on the alloys via scratch testing. Innovative procedures for rapid characterization have improved the quality and accessibility of information guiding manufacturing decisions, such as adjusting sample compositions and process parameters. These techniques are used to optimize refinement of aluminum-cerium alloys for applications in renewable energy and the automotive industry, and generate significant interest in Al-Ce alloy production which reduces cerium waste while increasing economical value in byproducts of rare earth mining.

Development of Thermally Stable, Creep-resistant, Cast Al-Ce-Fe Alloys for High-temperature Applications: Hyun Sang Park¹; Clement Ekaputra²; David Dunand²; ¹Duke University; ²Northwestern University
    The current study investigates near-eutectic Al-Ce-Fe alloys’ microstructures, thermal stabilities, and creep resistances. Al-10Ce, Al-10Ce-1Fe and Al-10Ce-3Fe alloys (wt%) are observed in this study. The Al-10Ce-1Fe and Al-10Ce-3Fe alloys show minimal loss in microhardness due to aging, even after 768 hours at 425°C. Furthermore, the addition of 1 wt%Fe, which creates detrimental coarse phase morphologies in traditional Al-alloys, forms in Al-10Ce alloy fine, Chinese-script Al₁₀CeFe₂ and Al₁₁Ce₃ phases without loss of microhardness. Addition of 3 wt%Fe increases hardness significantly while forming Al₁₀CeFe₂ in a coarse rod morphology. Compressive creep measurements performed at 300°C show similar trends: (i) Al-10Ce-1Fe is not significantly different from Al-10Ce and (ii) Al-10Ce-3Fe exhibits improved creep resistance, better than even the much more expensive Al-10Ce-5Ni. Thus, the Al-Ce-Fe system shows promise as a low-cost, creep-resistant cast-alloy for use at high temperatures, as well as an environmentally-friendly alloy due to its tolerance for Fe enabling easier recycling.

Effect of Transition Metals in Borosilicate Glass Corrosion with Stirred Reactor Coupon Method: Raine Antonio¹; Sam Karcher¹; John Bussey¹; Brooke Downing¹; John McCloy¹; ¹Washington State University
    The most common method of testing corrosion rates of dilute solutions is the single-pass flow-through (SPFT) method where a small sample is corroded with a dilute flowing solution. The stirred reactor coupon analysis (SRCA) is a new technique that uses a single large stirred batch (8.8L) of solution with up to eight samples. Corrosion with SPFT is measured by change in powder mass while the SRCA method measures step height change of monolithic samples. This study computes corrosion rates with the in development SRCA method on a wide range of potential glasses for nuclear waste immobilization. Further, different additives in the borosilicate glasses are analyzed for effect on corrosion rate. In particular, the effect of transition metals on the formation of unexpected alteration layers was investigated. These studies provide further advancement in the development of the SRCA method and potentially inform compositional models for nuclear waste glass processing.

Effects of Materials Processing on Electrical Properties of β-Ga₂O₃ Contacts: Alice Ho¹; Bethie Favela¹; Kun Zhang¹; Kalyan Das²; Lisa Porter¹; ¹Carnegie Mellon University; ²North Carolina State University
    β-Ga₂O₃ is a wide bandgap semiconductor with promising applications in chemical sensing and high-power electronic devices. The objective of this research on β-Ga₂O₃ devices is to describe how the processing conditions and material choice in the device affect the electrical properties and performance. For rectifying contacts, we analyzed the contacts’ thermal stability over long annealing times for Ni and Co metal contacts. For Ohmic (non-rectifying) contacts, the purpose was to determine if adding a highly-conductive, PLD-deposited, Si-doped thin layer to an Ohmic CTLM device with Ti/Au metal contact would reduce the specific contact resistivity. Results revealed that Co contacts were more thermally stable than Ni contacts and that the additional PLD layer in the CTLM device only slightly reduced the specific contact resistivity. Future directions include evaluating physical quantities from the double barrier curve for rectifying contacts and observing how these change with annealing time and temperature.

Cancelled
Engineering Sustainability in the World of Glass Art: Ally Bruno¹; ¹Alfred University
    In a new age of glass technology, considering the environmental impact of the extreme energy expenditure that comes with making glass is imperative. The task of re-engineering glass production requires merging dated, but effective, glass firing methods with aspects of material science still in development. The goal of this project is to build a small mobile kiln that uses a sustainable fuel source (wood and used cooking oil). This kiln will be made out of metal and firebrick, with hand bellows for airflow. To make the process more environmentally friendly, the kiln will be used to experiment with glass that has been altered chemically to reduce the overall firing temperature (and therefore energy) of the process (ex: adding wollastonite to the recipe instead of limestone). Lowering the energy required to melt glass, coupled with using a recycled fuel source, seeks to improve the art of glass-making in a sustainable way.

Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of NCM811 Cathodes with Functionalized PVDF Graft Copolymer Binders: Rohan Parekh¹; Tong Liu¹; Piotr Mocny¹; Jay Whitacre¹; Krzysztof Matyjaszewski¹; ¹Carnegie Mellon University
    Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(NCM811) cathodes are regarded as the predominant cathode materials for next-generation Li-ion batteries due to their high specific energy density. However, undesired structural disruption and thermal instability are observed, often leading to rapid capacity loss and poor capacity retention for NCM811 cathodes. To solve these problems, we propose a novel polymer binder synthesized by grafting poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PVDF-CTFE) to obtain PVDF-based polymers with a comb-like architecture. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was used to obtain well-controlled grafted chains with low dispersity and desired length and architecture. A random copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate and poly(acrylic acid) (PEGMEA-co-PAA) was grafted from the PVDF-CTFE backbone. Benefiting from the ethylene oxide conductive segments in PEGMEA, the Li-ion diffusion and transport were significantly improved. The chelation of TM ions to -COOH groups from PAA also effectively mitigated the TM dissolution and improved structure stability of NCM811.

Fabrication of Three-dimensional Ceramic Architectures with Micro-scale Resolution and Near Zero Shrinkage Using Aerosol Jet Printing: Chunshan Hu¹; Caitlyn Santiago¹; ¹Carnegie Mellon University
    Three-Dimensional (3D) ceramic micro-structures are important for a variety of technological applications. In this project, we explored the challenges associated with effectively fabricating these ceramic micro-structures and sought to combat these challenges by using aerosol jet printing technology. Some of the challenges associated with manufacturing these precise micro-scaffolds is due to an inability to fabricate without sacrificial materials and with a low shrinkage percentage.With this technology, using a binder free ZnO nanoparticle ink, we were able to fabricate structures with feature sizes in the range of 30 micrometers using no supports with shrinkage of 2-5%. In addition, these structures show a significant increase in ductility when compared to bulk ceramics. This research broadens our ability to design and manufacture high-performance ceramic devices in multiple areas including biomolecule sensing, tissue regeneration, catalysis, and filtration.

Heat Treatment Effect on Microstructural Evolution of Quaternary High Entropy Alloy: Nilufar Kholmuratova¹; Malikabonu Sobirova¹; Zulfiya Usmonova¹; Khilola Umarova¹; Elyorjon Jumaev¹; ¹New Uzbekistan University
    The microstructural evolution and the mechanical characteristics of quaternary AlCoCrNi high entropy alloys were investigated, which were heat-treated at 873 K for 72 hours and 192 hours. The nano structural variations and the phase transformation were observed depending on the heat treatment time, such as the B2 dendrite + BCC interdendrite and the σ phases, which were 72 hours, and the B2 dendrite and σ phases + BCC interdendrite, which were 192 hours. After the heat treatment, the morphology of the dendrite region changed from spherical to needle-like, and the interdendrite region changed from spinodal-like to plate-like morphology. Meanwhile, a phase transformation was noticed in the dendrite region as well. The formation of a sigma phase in the AlCoCrNi high entropy alloy dramatically enhances the yield strength of the alloy from 1753 MPa to 2925 MPa while reducing its ductility between 16.71% and 0.62%.

Impact of Itaconic Acid on the Stabilization Reaction of Poly(Acrylonitrile-co-Itaconic Acid) as Examined Using Solid-State NMR Under Air and Vacuum Conditions : Jack Beardshear¹; Jiayang Ma²; Toshikazu Miyoshi²; ¹Carnegie Mellon University; ²The University of Akron
    This project investigates the impact of Itaconic Acid comonomers on the stabilization chemical reaction of Poly(acrylonitrile-co-itaconic acid) (PAI) for the production of high performance carbon fiber. 30 wt% ¹³C full labeled samples of PAI 3 wt% IA were reacted under both air and vacuum conditions, at five reaction temperatures. Additionally, the reaction was analyzed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). By using Solid State (ss) one dimensional (1D) Direct Polarization Magic Angle Spinning (DP/MAS) ¹³C NMR and two dimensional (2D) ¹³C-¹³C INADEQUATE NMR, detailed chemical structures of stabilized PAI were obtained. These NMR spectra reveal a novel cyclized intermediary structure formed by IA comonomers, and provide a more detailed description of the structural evolution of PAI. DSC analysis and NMR results also confirm that the presence of oxygen plays a vital role in the formation of the desirable aromatic ladder structure through the promotion of dehydrogenation reactions.

Effects of Part Geometry and Toolpath Sequencing on Melt Pool Temperatures for Closed-loop Process Control in Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Ryan Zhou¹; Conor Porter²; Dominik Kozjek²; Jian Cao²; ¹Georgia Institute of Technology; ²Northwestern University
    Melt pool temperature variation in metal laser powder bed fusion processes directly impact the quality and fidelity of builds. Both hot and cold spots are responsible for undesirable microstructural properties such as keyhole or lack-of-fusion porosity, heterogenous grain sizing, and surface roughness. Closed-loop process control allows for the dynamic adjustment of laser power and laser scanning speed based on in-situ temperature measurements. However, many build features affect how an algorithm should adjust process parameters. Toolpath sequencing and part geometry effects are abundant and have a complex series of interactions. Layer thickness and surface areas, hatch patterning and orientation, high aspect-ratio geometries, build plate positioning, and overhanging material all contribute uniquely towards dynamic melt pool temperature predictions. Planck pyrometry-derived melt pool data presented in this work can quantify the importance and interactions between these build parameters, and eventually may be used to develop machine learning training data for closed-loop process control.

Investigation of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics Formed in the Ga₂O₃-B₂O₃ Binary: John Bussey¹; Benjamin Dutton¹; Kevin Grogan¹; John McCloy¹; ¹Washington State University
    Gallium oxide (β-Ga₂O₃) is an ultrawide bandgap semiconductor material with applications in high powered electronics, sensors, and optoelectronic devices. During Czochralski crystal growth of β-Ga₂O₃, volatilization of components is a critical concern when attempting to control dopant composition and crystal quality. Liquid encapsulation (LEC) with B₂O₃ (a layer of molten B₂O₃ over the Ga₂O₃ melt) is a potential solution. One concern with LEC is that interactions between Ga₂O₃ and B₂O₃ are poorly understood, and B₂O₃ could potentially contaminate the Ga₂O₃ melt. This study examines the Ga₂O₃-B₂O₃ binary series of quenched glasses and heat-treated glass-ceramics to illuminate the relationship of Ga₂O₃ and B₂O₃ in a melt. X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and other characterization techniques are utilized to understand the resulting glass structures, including phase separation and crystallization. Crystal structures and formation processes are discussed. As such, this study informs the viability of LEC of β-Ga₂O₃.

Investigation of the Embrittlement Behavior in Alloy 725 with Different H Sources via 3D X-ray Computer Topography: Jacob Jackson¹; Mengying Liu¹; ¹Washington and Lee University
    Structural materials can be embrittled when exposed to a hydrogen-rich environment. In an effort to understand the effects of different hydrogen sources to embrittlement behavior, we compare the interior microstructures of hydrogen embrittled (HE) alloy 725 with thermal and electrochemical ingress hydrogen via 3D X-ray computer topography (CT). There are numerous cracks and voids inside of both samples, and understanding the distribution and connection among them is crucial for imparting the HE mechanisms. We develop a MATLAB based script capable of filtrating cracks and voids and recording their volume and centroidal locations. The majority of the HE cracks exist near the surface with electrochemical ingress, while with thermal ingress cracks occur mostly near the center. Detailed correlation regarding the location and size of crack and void and the potential HE mechanism will be discussed. Our research can help with better lifetime prediction of materials for hydrogen transportation and cathodic protection.

Little Known Nylon: Nylon 5,9 Synthesis and Characterization: Abigail Stanlick¹; Peter Meyer¹; Ting-Han Lee¹; Prerana Carter¹; Michael Forrester¹; Eric Cochran¹; ¹Iowa State University
    Nylon is commonly used in many industries, ranging from construction to clothing. Most common nylons are even-numbered and petroleum-based, but odd-numbered nylons may offer unique properties. Nylon 5,9 is a particularly interesting odd-numbered nylon because both molecules can be biobased, while nylon 6,6 is entirely petroleum-based, and nylon 6,10 can be partially bio-based. Being bio-based means 5,9 offers a sustainability edge over 6,10 and 6,6 while showing unique properties suitable for new applications. This research found that 5,9 performed similarly to 6,6 and 6,10 in elastic modulus and yield strength, with higher toughness. Additionally, 5,9 shows lower melting and crystallization temperatures than 6,6 and 6,10, allowing for lower processing temperatures. Finally, 5,9 shows a higher threshold for thermal degradation, improved by 25°C over 6,6, creating a larger window for synthesis and processing without risking degradation.

Mesoscale Modeling of Domain Wall Behavior in Perovskite Ferroelectrics: Charles Schwarz¹; Ashok Gurung¹; John Mangeri²; Serge Nakhmanson¹; ¹University of Connecticut; ²Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology
    We have applied a highly scalable real-space finite-element-method (FEM) based approach to simulate the behavior and properties of domain walls in generic perovskite ferroelectrics, such as BaTiO₃ and PbTiO₃. The model utilizes Ginzburg-Landau-Devonshire phenomenological theory and is implemented through an open-source module for the MOOSE (Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment) FEM framework. Domain wall thickness profiles were evaluated as functions of temperature for a variety of different wall types and material phases, and compared with results of previous phenomenological studies that employed a Fourier transformation approach in periodic systems. Behavior of some domain wall types under an applied harmonically varying electric field was also probed as a function of the driving field frequency, elucidating the contribution of domain wall motion to complex dielectric response of the material.

Micromagnetic Simulation of the Effect of DMI on Skyrmion Chirality Switching: Larry Chen¹; Michael Kitcher¹; Vincent Sokalski¹; ¹Carnegie Mellon University
    Creating denser computational devices based on electronic transistor devices is limited in part by their efficiency and heat dissipation. Among the alternatives being pursued are devices employing magnetic spins to store and transmit information, which could be more efficient due to far fewer electrons being transported. Our research examines a class of magnetic structures known as skyrmions, “bubbles” of in-plane magnetic domain, which possess desirable properties as an information medium due to their small size, relative stability, and speed of transport. Using micromagnetic simulation, we show that the dzyaloshinskii-moriya interaction (DMI) in a hypothetical material is able to bias how a perpendicular magnetic field applied to a skyrmion will switch its chirality to prefer one direction or another, which could be a means to reliably encode information in a magnetic memory device.

Mixed Oxy-sulfide Nitride Glassy Solid Electrolyte Materials: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Density of Na₄P₂S_7-6xO_4.62xN_0.92x : Nicholas Oldham¹; Madison Olson¹; Steve Martin¹; ¹Iowa State University
    In the search for high conductivity large working range glassy electrolytes, oxy-nitride electrolyte glasses have previously been shown to have favorable working ranges but low conductivity. Pure sulfide electrolyte glasses have been shown to have high ionic conductivity, but low working ranges. This experiment shows that by synthesizing a mixed-oxy-sulfide nitride (MOSN) electrolyte glass a balance of both favorable characteristics can be achieved. The (1-x)[(2/3)Na₂S+(1/3)P₂S₅]+x[(2/3)NaPON+(1/3)Na₂S] glass series (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) was used in this experiment. The ionic conductivity of this series was analyzed through electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using bulk glass samples at frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 10⁷ hertz. Density data was also collected through the Archimedes method to determine overall trends. These results further characterize MOSN electrolyte glasses and help determine an ideal glass in the Na₄P₂S_7-6xO_4.62xN_0.92x glass series for thin film electrolyte glass production.

Modeling the Density of States for an Incommensurate Trilayer Chain: Seoyoung Joo¹; Daniel Massatt²; ¹Carnegie Mellon University; ²Louisiana State University
    We implement a method for calculating the local density of states (LDoS) for an incommensurate tri-layer 1D chain. This algorithm, introduced in the literature, employs an equidistribution theorem to parameterize and predict the distribution of local geometries, thus overcoming the limitations of approximating incommensurate geometries via large supercells and introducing artificial strain to the system. We report preliminary numerical observation of band-like features, indicative of long-range scattering behavior in momentum space.

Molecular Dynamics Simulations with Machine Learning Potential for Amorphous Li7La3Zr2O12: Ziyao Luo¹; ¹Carnegie Mellon University
    Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) is considered a promising candidate for solid-state electrolytes (SSE) due to various advantageous properties. However, polycrystalline LLZO suffers from Li dendrite penetrating through the grain boundaries. Amorphous LLZO (a-LLZO) can solve the problem of dendritic penetration, but the relatively low Li-ion conductivity (~10-6 S/cm) limits its use as bulk SSE. Simulations of doped a-LLZO are conducted using molecular dynamics with a generic machine learning potential (trained by ab initio data), and the Li-diffusivity is analyzed with materials analysis libraries such as Pymatgen. The results indicate that the generic MLP is potentially capable of yielding accurate results, and doping can indeed enhance the Li+ conductivity in a-LLZO. This study sheds light on the structural mechanisms affecting Li+ mobility in amorphous Li-ion conductors and provides insight into the design of a-LLZO with high Li-ion conductivity.

Optical Properties of Halide Perovskite in Polymer Matrices: Lindsay Jones¹; Yifan Xu¹; Robert Hickey¹; ¹Pennsylvania State Unversity
    Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites are an exciting class of materials with applications in solar cells or LEDs. With such a wide range of applications, scientists need a way to tune the crystals to fit specific uses. One way to do this is by controlling their size. The perovskite crystals were synthesized in four different polymer matrices that acted as macroligands. Each polymer had a different chemical structure that affected the strength of its binding to the organic portion of the perovskite. The perovskite-polymer mixtures were studied as both films and in solution, and optical properties (UV-vis absorbance and fluorescence) were observed. It was found that more chemically similar polymers to the methylammonium molecule found in the perovskite binded better and inhibited the crystals’ growth, leading to enhanced optical properties. This gives a framework for selecting polymer materials for specific applications such as LEDs or solar cells, thus improving these devices’ performance.

Powder Characterization Comparison for Cold Spray Application: Julia Horrocks¹; ¹Worcester Polytechnic Institute
    The creation of shape memory alloys through repeated thermomechanical loading establishes an effect allowing materials to withstand drastic temperature ranges while still being able to return to their original forms within the solid-state. When cold sprayed, this feature in SMAs helps with negatively correlated effects such as cyclic fatigue, erosion and more. Characterization methods can be used to examine the features of SMA powders, and when done, can be analyzed to maximize the effects of cold spraying and create the best overall outcome when applied. In this study, the characterization of nitinol powder was done through the usage of techniques such as SEM, Particle Compression, XRD, Microtraking and Optical Analysis. Spherical particles presented with an average diameter of 16.492 um and an average compression force of 507.952 mN. XRD analysis showed that the helium spray was most similar to the as-received powder than nitrogen.

Predicting Molecular Gaps with Minimal Data Using Active Learning: Keltin Grimes¹; ¹Carnegie Mellon University
    Bandgap is a crucial property of crystals, especially in photovoltaics (PVs) for which the bandgap largely determines the solar cell efficiency. Exploring large chemical spaces for PV materials is infeasible because conventional methods for determining the bandgap involve expensive quantum mechanical calculations. Recent efforts in computational materials science have explored using machine learning techniques to predict properties of materials. While these approaches have shown great promise, they have largely been limited to simple molecules with large training sets. We study a dataset of 62K molecular crystals and use the structure information to predict the molecular gap as a proxy for bandgap. We train a deep-learning model to achieve a mean absolute error of 0.17eV and develop an active learning framework that, given a pool of candidate structures, iteratively proposes the molecules that will provide the greatest reduction in prediction error, which requires fewer calculations to reach the same accuracy.

Probing Signatures of Transition Metal Defects in Gallium Oxide: Brooke Downing¹; Benjamin Dutton¹; John McCloy¹; ¹Washington State University
     Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) is an ultrawide bandgap material with applications in high power electronics and optoelectronic devices. Many β-Ga2O3 dopants and alloys with attractive properties have been explored, but further studies are required to understand their effects on transport, optical, and structural properties. β-Ga2O3 crystals were grown by the Vertical Gradient Freeze (VGF) and Czochralski methods doped with Mn, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Cu. Methods including Raman spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) were used to characterize these growths. Raman spectroscopy was used to reveal spatial heterogeneities off unintentional Cr3+ luminescence along Czochralski samples. Anneals were completed to understand its effect on Cr3+ luminescnce. In addition, Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy was performed to observe changes in the bandgap and the absorption signature characteristic to transition metals in gallium oxide. Spatial properties provide important insight on sample to sample variation for those growing devices on these substrates.

Quantitative Analysis of the Precipitate Microstructure in the Additive Manufactured Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr Alloy Using Scanning Electron Microscopy: Sydney Fields¹; Dian Li¹; Yufeng Zheng¹; ¹University of Nevada, Reno
    Titanium alloys are critical structural materials with excellent mechanical properties, such as high strength and great toughness. These mechanical properties of titanium alloys can be tuned by the manipulation of microstructure evolution during different heat treatment. In this work, we used the advanced scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and MIPAR image analysis software to quantitatively analyze the ⍺ precipitate microstructure after the post-heat treatment for the additively manufactured Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr (wt.%, Ti-5553) alloy. The influence of the aging temperature on the ⍺ precipitate microstructure during the post heat treatment was systematically investigated. Different fine-scaled ⍺ microstructures with different number densities were successfully generated. We will introduce the critical roles of post heat treatment on tuning the microstructure in additive manufactured Ti-5553 alloy. This work is supported by the Nevada Undergraduate Research Award and the National Science Foundation, grant CMMI-2122272.

Reactive Cold Sintering Process to Reduce theThermal Conductivity of La0.15Sr0.775 TiO3-δ: Lukas Glist¹; Stephanie Mudd²; Rebecca Boston²; ¹Carnegie Mellon University; ²University of Sheffield
    Particle size and density in polycrystalline ceramics play a critical role in determining bulk properties. Here we aimed to take current work on cold sintering lanthanum-doped strontium titanate (LST, n-type) and increase density to above at least 95% and improve the figure of merit for use as a thermoelectric. We used an approach to cold sintering which uses a partially crystallized material as an infill phase. Through the selection of an optimal infill bake temperature, sonication of powders, and the introduction of a grown matrix phase, we were able to densify La0.15Sr0.775TiO3 at a much lower temperature than conventional solid-state sintering.

Scrap Remelting in Chalcogenide Fabrication: David Vasquez¹; Casey Schwarz¹; ¹Ursinus College
    Chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) are multicomponent glasses that transmit light in the infrared (IR) region and are commonly used as detectors, optical fibers, and IR lenses. Precision-glass molding is a method for producing high-quality ChG lenses without grinding and polishing. However, during the precision-glass molding process, unused scrap pieces of the glass are left behind. By recapturing these scrap pieces and remelting them with new raw material, we could recycle waste from optic fabrication and lower the cost of production. In this study, we remelt pristine ChG with varying percentages of scrap glass material recovered from processing and measure the resulting physical and optical properties. We then compare our results to pristine bulk and precision molded ChG glass. This research hopes to answer whether ChG scraps can be used in subsequent manufacturing processes like precision glass molding.

Simulation-Trained Machine Learning for Segmenting Néel-Type Skyrmions: Alec Bender¹; Arthur McCray²; Amanda Petford-Long³; Charudatta Phatak³; ¹Carnegie Mellon University; ²Northwestern University; ³Argonne National Laboratory
    Understanding the behavior of magnetic skyrmions is fundamental to the next generation of data storage devices. Skyrmion lattices can be studied using in situ Lorentz Transmission Electron Microscopy (LTEM), but the images are difficult to interpret. In this work, we have developed a machine learning technique to perform instant segmentation on LTEM images of skyrmion lattices and thus extract quantitative information. We used micromagnetics software to simulate 10,000 skyrmion lattices, from which we created ground truths of skyrmion sizes and positions and further simulated corresponding LTEM images. We then trained a convolutional neural network (CNN) on these simulated LTEM images and ground truths using supervised learning. Our results demonstrate that the CNN can accurately identify skyrmion locations and extent in both simulated and experimental data, providing a technique for quantitative analysis of skyrmion lattices going forward.

Structural Phase Patterning of MoS2: Christopher Barns¹; ¹West Chester University
    All modern electronics consist of three basic types of material: insulators, semiconductors, and metals. Finding new ways to condense the size of these materials is a persistent goal of the scientific community, and we aim to aid that endeavor by improving methods of selectively transforming regions of molybdenum di-sulfide (MoS2) from its semiconductor phase into its metal phase. Using an electron beam, we directly expose thin flakes of exfoliated MoS2 on a SiO2 substrate to a variety of doses to create patterns of metallic regions. Changes in the work function of the MoS2 are consistent with our expectations for a structural phase transition where the crystal lattice enters a higher energy configuration while energetic injected electrons can fall to lower energy states. The resulting metallic phase reduces its total energy and remains stable. This work paves the way to mono-material electronic devices, which will drastically save space and material costs.

Surface Difference between Overhang Areas and Solid Areas of 3D-printed Haynes 282 Alloy: Yiyang Lai¹; ¹Carnegie Mellon University
    Haynes 282 (H282) is a nickel-based superalloy suitable for additive manufacturing (AM). The selective laser melting (SLM) process, also known as laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), utilizes a laser beam to melt a particular region in a metal powder bed layer-by-layer to produce desired 3D structure. In this process, overhanging regions of the desired structure are built directly on powder, unlike the other regions built on a pre-solidified part. The difference in thermal conductivity of powder versus solid brings about the differences in thermal profile and hence the differences in microstructures. In this research, surface roughness, porosity distribution, and average grain size will be compared between various geometries fabricated by the SLM process. This research will contribute to the understanding of quality control of H282 built by the SLM process and provide further opportunities to control microstructures and improve the mechanical properties of AM parts.

Synthesis of Pseudo Lunar Agglutinates from NU-LHT-1M/2M Derivative Simulant: Megan Elliott¹; Holly Shulman¹; ¹Alfred University
    A new process for the synthesis of pseudo lunar agglutinates was investigated. Agglutinates are agglomerates containing glass and minerals. A synthetic lunar mineral blend of anorthite, diopside, enstatite, and olivine was created to mimic Highlands lunar regolith. A derivative glass was prepared from the oxide formula and quenched. The derivative glass and mineral powders were crushed, mixed together and heated in flowing Ar(5%)H2 at different temperatures and varying times. Scanning electron and optical microscopes were utilized to determine mineral-glass adhesion and compare samples to existing pseudo agglutinates and lunar agglutinates. Particle adhesion was observed by optical microscopy, and SEM images showed similarities to lunar agglutinates. The best adhesion results were seen after heat treatment at 870°C for 3 hours. Heat treatment affects foremost the smallest fraction of particles and for smaller particle sizes, it seems likely that customizable agglutinates might be prepared, allowing for lunar regolith equivalents with targeted properties.

The Effect of Sewing Stitches on the Mechanical Behavior of Cotton Fabrics: Harmony Werth¹; Kazi Hossian¹; Rashed Khan¹; ¹Univerisity of Nevada Reno
    Cotton threads and knitted fabrics have been investigated for advanced applications, including garments and electronic textiles. Threads are looped into patterns, known as stitches. They are manually or digitally sewn into the fabrics to manufacture new composite materials with new functional properties. Sewn stitches strengthen or soften the fabric. However, a fundamental understanding of the modified functional properties is currently lacking in the literature. There has been limited investigation into the influence of stitches on the mechanical properties of knitted cotton fabric. Understanding how stitches change the mechanical behavior of the fabric is essential to enable future applications that may not exist today. Our experimental results, combined with those obtained from materials modeling software (MCalibration), suggest a 99.9% confidence in assessing the influence of the threads on the fabrics. The information obtained from this project will aid in future research involving the application of knitted cotton fabric and cotton threads.

The Synthesis and Formulation of Silver Nanoparticle Ink for Use in the Electrohydrodynamic Printing of Conductive Circuits in Zero-gravity: Andrew Ruba¹; Tyler Kirscht¹; Fei Liu¹; Matthew Marander¹; Adam Eichhorn¹; Liangkui Jiang¹; Yanhua Huang¹; Hantang Qin¹; Shan Jiang¹; ¹Iowa State University
    Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing is a manufacturing technique that enables printing of complex geometries and designs by utilizing an electrical potential difference to initiate ink movement. One use of EHD printing is to print conductive electronics with metallic ink, which can enable tunable thermal and electrical properties. This work seeks to establish a reliable mode of E-jet printing silver ink with high quality in zero gravity, since EHD printing does not require gravity to function. To achieve this, a novel synthesis and formulation method of EHD ink has been established. 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is utilized as a backbone for silver nanoparticles, serving as a stabilizer and a lifetime extender of unprinted silver ink. HEC also prevents silver nanoparticle aggregation, ensuring a stable network and enabling good conductivity. After printing, the ink is sintered to remove the HEC, leaving a stable network of silver particles.

The Usage of Cullet in Chalcogenide Precision Glass Molding: David Vasquez¹; ¹Ursinus College
    Chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) are multicomponent glasses that transmit light in infrared (IR) region and are commonly used as detectors, optical fibers, and IR lenses. Precision-glass molding is a method for producing high quality ChG lenses without grinding and polishing. However, during the precision-glass molding process, unused scrap pieces of the glass are left behind. By recapturing these scrap pieces and remelting them with new raw material, we could recycle waste from optic fabrication and lower cost of production. In this study, we remelt pristine ChG with varying percentages of scrap glass material recovered from processing and measure the resulting physical and optical properties. We then compare our results to pristine bulk and precision molded ChG glass. This research hopes to answer whether ChG scraps can be used in subsequent manufacturing processes like precision glass molding.

Thermal Analysis and Processing of Properties of Oxide Glass Materials: Brandon Smith¹; ¹Ursinus College
    In this work, we examine the thermal characteristics of different glass samples that were acquired from the previous work of Dr. Schwarz using a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). The samples studied were oxide-based glasses consisting of the ratio ZnO-B2O3–Bi2O3 (ZBB) doped with Li (PSU-5-B1) and As (PSU-6-B1). These samples were studied in both their bulk and powdered forms to examine any possible differences in their thermal properties based on a bulk or powder sample. The powdered versions of both samples were also annealed to examine if there were shifts in the peaks afterwards compared to the original data. The data collected showed notable differences and peak shifts between bulk and powder samples, with annealed samples showing other unique peak shifts of their own.

Ytterbium-substituted Clathrate Thermoelectrics: Deflection of Phonons Through ‘Rattling’: Adam Eichhorn¹; Naohito Tsujii²; Takao Mori²; ¹Iowa State University; ²National Institute of Materials Science
    Clathrate, or ‘cage and rattler,’ thermoelectric materials are promising candidates for high-efficiency thermoelectricity, offering low thermal conductivities. Barium germanide clathrates have been synthesized in previous studies with moderate efficiencies, with some articles showing that Yb-doping reduces thermal conductivity. However, the doping mechanism has not been clarified yet. Here, six (6) bulk samples of barium germanide clathrate were synthesized, substituting small amounts of ytterbium into the barium stoichiometry. Upon x-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and thermoelectric analysis, the solubility of Yb into the Ba site was found to be around 1.6%, with most Yb atoms precipitated as a secondary phase. The SEM revealed that the secondary phase was distributed around the grain boundaries as small particles with sub-micrometer sizes, which was the main reason for reduced thermal conductivity. As a result, about 10% increased thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT, was observed by the Yb doping.