Characterization of Minerals, Metals and Materials: Metallurgical Processing Analysis and Characterization
Sponsored by: TMS Extraction and Processing Division, TMS: Materials Characterization Committee
Program Organizers: Mingming Zhang, Baowu Ouyeel Co. Ltd; Zhiwei Peng, Central South University; Jian Li, CanmetMATERIALS; Bowen Li, Michigan Technological University; Sergio Monteiro, Instituto Militar de Engenharia; Rajiv Soman, Eurofins EAG Materials Science LLC; Jiann-Yang Hwang, Michigan Technological University; Yunus Kalay, Middle East Technical University; Juan Escobedo-Diaz, University of New South Wales; John Carpenter, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Andrew Brown, Devcom Arl Army Research Office; Shadia Ikhmayies

Wednesday 2:00 PM
March 22, 2023
Room: Aqua 313
Location: Hilton

Session Chair: Zhiwei Peng, Central South University


2:00 PM  Cancelled
Physico-chemical Characteristics of Deselenized Copper Anode Slime: Jhumki Hait1; Navneet Randhawa1; 1CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory
    Slime generated in copper electro refining tank during copper extraction from copper concentrate contains many valuable elements like Cu, Ni, Se, Te, Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Bi, Sb along with As, Pb, Fe, Ba etc. The conventional process for the treatment of the slime includes initial copper extraction by sulphuric acid leaching and extraction of tellurium by cementation process. The residue after copper and most of the tellurium extraction is treated for selenium recovery. The slime after selenium extraction is called deselenized slime which mainly contains Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Pb, As, Te, Bi, Sb and Ba. The complex nature of the deselenized slime makes further processing of the slime more complicated. This paper illustrates the detailed characterisation including physical, chemical and mineralogical studies of the deselenized anode slime that can provide valuable information including the morphology, which can help in process development for further metals recovery from the slime.

2:20 PM  
Porosity Evolution during Hydrogen-based Direct Reduction of Hematite Probed by 4D Synchrotron X-ray Nano-tomography: Yan Ma1; Yen-Fan Wang1; Katrin Bugelnig2; Julie Villanova3; Guillermo Requena2; Dierk Raabe1; 1Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung; 2German Aerospace Center (DLR); 3ESRF-The European Synchrotron
    Hydrogen-based direct reduction (HyDR) is one of the most promising techniques to mitigate the massive CO2 emissions from the steel industry. HyRD by nature is a multistep solid-gas reaction, involving several complex phenomena, such as non-volume conserving phase transformations, mass loss and transport, etc. All these can lead to pore formation. However, a 2D post-mortem microstructural analysis is unsatisfactory to reveal the actual porosity, especially the connectivity of its networks. Yet, this information is crucial to better understand its role in the outbound mass transport of reduction product. In this study, we employed 4D synchrotron X-ray nano-tomography to characterize the porosity during HyDR of hematite. The time-resolved tomography scans showed the formation and evolution of the pores and their percolation features. The pore formation mechanism and the correlation between porosity evolution and reduction kinetics during HyDR are discussed.

2:40 PM  
Characterization of Chromite and Its Role in the Refractory Products: Dean Gregurek1; Philip Schantl1; Alfred Spanring1; 1RHI Magnesita
    In the refractory industry chromite is an important raw material, particularly in the production of magnesia-chromite bricks. Thus, the characterization of chromite is important issue before the final application in the refractory products. Refractories lined in the copper, nickel and lead furnaces are exposed to either continuous or discontinuous wear. The continuous wear is mainly caused due to corrosion of refractory by dissolution in slag. The main advantage of the chromite within the magnesia-chromite bricks is high corrosion resistance against acidic slags. The lower chromite solubility in such slag can be explained by phase diagrams (i.e., miscibility gap between chromium and silica in the Cr2O3-SiO2 phase diagram) and FactSageTM calculations. The addition of chromite additionally improves the thermo-mechanical properties of the refractory and reduces the brittleness. This is the main advantage in the batch-wise processes were discontinuous wear caused by production interruptions and frequent thermal shocks is the predominant wear.

3:00 PM  
Preventing Hydrogen Embrittlement by Electrochemically-assisted Hydrogen Desorption: Kyung-Shik Kim1; Ju Li1; Bilge Yildiz1; Cem Tasan1; 1Massachusetts Institute of Technology
    Charging hydrogen electrochemically into a metal is commonly carried out in hydrogen research to imitate application-relevant hydrogen update conditions. We have here investigated the use of the reverse methodology to electrochemically desorb hydrogen out from metals. Different electrolytes were investigated for this purpose, to increase the feasibility of the application for industrial applications. The results showed that hydrogen could be effectively desorbed out from the hydrogen-charged metals and mechanical properties were restored to certain levels. Using in-situ SEM-TDS (Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy) and hydrogen mapping methodologies, the reversible and irreversible trapping sites of hydrogen from electrochemical desorption were investigated in different metals and were correlated with the observed trends in the mechanical properties.

3:20 PM  
Synthesis and Characterization of Bilayer Cu-Al and Cu-Zn Foams: Karina Hemmendinger1; Andrea Hodge1; 1University of Southern California
     Nanoporous metal foams possess interesting properties including good electrical and thermal conductivity, surface-to-volume ratio and yield strength. Individual properties can be tuned through changes in the foam morphology, including ligament and pore size. Gradient nanoporous metal foams in particular allow for novel combinations of chemical and mechanical properties.As a first step in the design of gradient nanoporous foams, the composition and the role of the interfaces must be understood. Thus, bilayer nanoporous copper foams are synthesized by dealloying Cu-Al/Cu-Al or Cu-Al/Cu-Zn sputtered films via free corrosion, with the goal of producing a sharp gradient in ligament size between layers. Cross-sectional SEM is performed to characterize the as-sputtered film microstructure, the representative foam morphology, and the evolution of the dealloying reaction front as a function of time.

3:40 PM Break

3:55 PM  
Low-temperature NH3-SCR Performance with Activated-carbon-supported Nano Manganese Ferrites: Wang Jia1; Xuejuan Zhao1; Zijian Su1; Yuanbo Zhang1; 1Central South University
    NH3-SCR is the most efficient denitration method for sintering flue gas. In this study, nano manganese ferrites (MFO NPS) prepared from ferromanganese ores with additions of 1-15wt% were directly spray-supported on activated carbon (AC) produced from coking coal for low-temperature denitration. All catalyst samples were characterized by BET, XRD, SEM, FT-IR, and XPS. The results showed that the MFO NPS was uniformly dispersed on the AC surface, and 8wt% MFO NPS/AC provided the best specific surface area (560.0 m2/g), strength (550.3 N), and denitration rate in the range of 120-300 ℃. From 120 to 300°C, the denitration rate rises from 64% to 85%, which is usually 30% greater than the initial AC. Because of the catalytic effect of Mn ion of MFO, NH3 is encouraged to form coordinated NH3 and NH4+ and then react with NO to generate N2 and H2O, thus exhibiting effective low-temperature NH3-SCR performance.

4:15 PM  
Understanding Wall Stresses in Powder Die Compaction by Novel Experiments and Coordinated Modeling: Daniel Bufford1; Dan Bolintineanu1; Joel Clemmer1; William Erikson1; Stewart Silling1; Stwewart Youngblood1; 1Sandia National Laboratories
    Die compaction of powders finds use in various fields from powder metallurgy to pharmaceuticals. Stresses between the powder and die walls may fracture the powder compact or damage the die itself. An incomplete understanding of the structure-property relationships that govern interactions among particles and the die means that many compaction processes are developed empirically through trial-and-error. Here we discuss efforts to understand and predict powder compaction behavior starting from properties of powder materials including metals, organics, and salts. We experimentally resolve stress profiles between the powder and die along the length of the compact in real time during compaction, through loading, constant load hold, unloading, and post-unload relaxation steps. Coordinated particle-scale modeling enables a better understanding of particle interactions that give rise to these stress transmission behaviors. This approach provides steps towards an ability to predict the results of die compaction based on material properties rather than empirical testing.

4:35 PM  
Melting and Solidification Behaviors of the Copper Slags with Different Cao Content at Various Oxygen Partial Pressures: Yannan Wang1; Shuigen Huang1; Bart Blanpain1; Muxing Guo1; 1KU Leuven
    The solidification behavior of slag plays a vital role in its recycling. In this study, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) experiments were performed under various oxygen partial pressure (pO2) for FeO-SiO2-Al2O3-CaO slags with around 4 wt% and 26 wt% CaO to study their melting and solidification behaviors. Samples after the CLSM tests were analyzed by EPMA. Analysis indicated that the start melting temperature of the high CaO slag decreased with decreasing pO2 from 10-4 atm to 10-12 atm, and the CaO concentration in the slag had a significant influence on its solidification behavior at pO2 of 10-8 atm. Under pO2 of 10-8 atm with a cooling rate over 1 °C/s, wustite crystal precipitated in the CaO-rich slag at temperatures over 1200 °C, while spinel precipitated in the low CaO slag at temperatures between 1100 and 1250 °C. When the cooling rate was below 1 °C/s, the spinel precipitated firstly at temperatures over 1277°C in both slag systems. In addition, other minerals, such as melilite and fayalite, were observed respectively in the CaO-rich slag and low CaO slag.

4:55 PM  
Impact Behavior of Eucalyptus Wood and Chamotte Residues Reinforcing a Castor Oil Derived Polyurethane Resin Composites: Juvenil Oliveira1; Felipe Lopes1; Noan Simonassi1; Carlos Maurício Vieira1; Sergio Monteiro1; 1State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro
    This work studied the influence of eucalyptus wood chips and a clay industry residue as potential reinforcement in castor oil derived polyurethane resin (COPU) composites. The clay residue, also known as chamotte, is a powder obtained from the sintered and discarded clay and the eucalyptus chips were obtained as a residue from the wood processing steps. The composites are made in a room temperature metallic mold by adding from 75 up to 90 vol% wood waste and up to 5 vol% of chamotte together with the COPU resin and its curing agent and left under 10 ton pressure until the polymer cures. Finally, the effect of the reinforcements on the composites was observed by swelling in thickness and izod impact tests. The results shows a good mechanical behavior along with a relatively low swelling indicating a good alternative for the waste disposal.