Characterization of Minerals, Metals and Materials 2021: Poster Session
Sponsored by: TMS Extraction and Processing Division, TMS: Materials Characterization Committee
Program Organizers: Jian Li, CanmetMATERIALS; Mingming Zhang, Baowu Ouyeel Co. Ltd; Bowen Li, Michigan Technological University; Sergio Monteiro, Instituto Militar de Engenharia; Shadia Ikhmayies, The University of Jordan; Yunus Kalay, Middle East Technical University; Jiann-Yang Hwang, Michigan Technological University; Juan Escobedo-Diaz, University of New South Wales; John Carpenter, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Andrew Brown, Devcom Arl Army Research Office; Rajiv Soman, Eurofins EAG Materials Science LLC; Alex Moser, Naval Research Laboratory
Wednesday 5:30 PM
March 17, 2021
Room: RM 15
Location: TMS2021 Virtual
Session Chair: Rajiv Soman, Eurofins EAG Materials Science LLC; Yunus Kalay, Middle East Technical University
Analysis of Potential Applications of Kamafugite Rocks in Fertilizer: Rodrigo Motta1; Edson Mattiello1; Fabiane Ballotin1; Patrícia Matias1; Gustavo Lima; Leonardo Pedroti1; Jéferson Martins2; Luiz Silveira2; 1Federal University of Viçosa; 2Terra Brasil Minerals
Kamafugite is a group of ultrapotassic igneous minerals, composed of leucitite, olivine, leucite, kalsilite and melilite. Based on its composition, it would be an alternative source of potassium, phosphorus and other important nutrients in agriculture. This research analyzed the physical properties of the material and its potential as an alternative fertilizer. Samples of the Kamafugite powder in natura were enriched adding MAP, Elementary S, Ulexite, and the resulting powder was granulated (fertilizer). The materials were analyzed by SEM, EDS, TG/DTA, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and profilometer. Therefore, the results show the importance of Kamafugite grain to be used as a local and more affordable fertilizer, considering the lack of potassium and phosphorus resources in Brazil.
Application of Desulphurization Residue in Cementitious Mortars: Ariana Azeredo1; Afonso Azevedo; Markssuel Marvila1; Lucas Reis1; José Alexandre Linhares Júnior1; Carlos Maurício Vieira1; Jonas Alexandre1; Sergio Monteiro2; 1Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro; 2IME
Steel residues in general have a high cementing power, which makes them potential substitutes for Portland cement. One of these residues is that of desulfurization, which currently has no technological application. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the application of this residue in mortars 1: 1: 6: 1.5 (cement: lime: sand: water), as a substitute for cement in percentages of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. The tests carried out were consistency, mass density, compressive strength, water absorption and porosity, in addition to incorporated air content. The results demonstrate that the application of the residue as a cementitious material is possible, due to the good mechanical parameters obtained.
Ballistic Behavior of Epoxidic Matrix Composites Reinforced with Graphene Oxide Functionalized Curauá Fibers: Ulisses Costa1; Lucio Nascimento1; Wendell Almeida Bezerra1; Sergio Monteiro1; 1Military Institute of Engineering
Natural fibers have great potential for engineering applications, especially for ballistic applications. A healing curing fiber (Ananas erectifolius) is a promising candidate to replace synthetic fibers, such as glass and aramid fibers. An addition of graphene oxide (GO) to its shown surface is an excellent solution for optimizing characteristics by means of the best compatibility between a fiber (hydrophilic) and a polymeric matrix (hydrophobic). However, a matrix functionality proved to be more efficient in optimizing the composition properties of the compound as a fiber / matrix interface. The modulus of elasticity was shown to be a more sensitive property to treatment with GO.Keywords: Curauá Fibers; Epoxy Matrix; Ballistic Behavior; Functionalization; Graphene Oxide.
Ballistic Behavior of Epoxy Matrix Composites Reinforced with Hemp Fabric Against .22 Ammunition: Matheus Ribeiro1; 1Military Institute of Engineering
Natural lignocellulosic fibers have been increasingly studied since attentions were drew by environmental problems. Among several applications, a few studies evaluated this material in ballistic protection in a multilayered armor system. This interest comes from the availability, low cost, and mechanical features that could be compared to synthetic fibers. Among the natural fibers, the hemp has been historically explored in several applications. Thus, this paper aims to evaluate the performance of epoxy matrix reinforced with hemp fabric on the ballistic test using a .22 ammunition. The composites were reinforced with 10, 20 and 30 vol% of hemp fabric and tested as stand-alone target to evaluate the absorbed energy. Through statistical analysis, it was possible to compare the results of the tests, which indicated no significant difference between the samples. Although, the 30 vol% fabric composites presented more reliability and homogeneity on the results and integrity of the specimens.
Characterization of Epoxidic Matrix Composites Reinforced with Graphene Oxide Functionalized Curaua Fibers: Ulisses Costa1; Lucio Nascimento1; Wendell Almeida Bezerra1; Sergio Monteiro1; 1Military Institute of Engineering
Curauá fiber (Ananas erectifolius) is a promising candidate to replace synthetic fibers such as glass and aramid fibers. The addition of graphene oxide (GO) to its surfaces proved to be an excellent solution to optimize properties through better compatibility between the fiber (hydrophilic) and the polymeric matrix (hydrophobic). The present work deals with the characterization of epoxy resins and curauá fibers, both functionalized with graphene oxide, applied in the production of composites, through the techniques of FTIR, RAMAN, SEM and EDS. The results obtained are promising, since it was possible to analyze how functionalization occurred and the influence on the functional groups of both phases, fiber and epoxy.Curauá Fibers; Epoxy Matrix; FTIR; RAMAN; Graphene Oxide.
Characterization of Piassava Fiber Collected as Industrial Waste: Juliana Carvalho1; Noan Simonassi1; Felipe Perissé Duarte Lopes1; Carlos Vieira1; 1UENF
Although several studies were carried proving that lignocellulosic natural fibers have the potential to be used to develop high quality composite materials, there is a large amount of fibers discarded daily as an industrial waste. This work aims to characterize piassava fibers of the species attalea funifera martius collected as industrial waste from a broom factory to be eventually used as composites reinforcement. Initially these fibers were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy technics and the density was determined by pycnometry. The molecular composition of the fiber was determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique and the tensile strength of the fiber was obtained according to ASTM D3822-07 standard. The results have shown that these fibers can be used as polymer composite reinforcement reaching 88 MPa and 3,5 GPa of tensile strength and elastic modulus, respectively and the processing processes don’t significantly modify the fibers.
Chemical Characterization of Hemp Fabric for Engineering Composites Applications: Matheus Ribeiro1; 1Military Institute of Engineering
Given the situation of the frequent oil price variation and negative environmental impacts related to fossil fuels, there have been an increasing worldwide pressure for the adoption of eco-friendly materials. An increasing number of studies has been seeking to know more about natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) with the purpose of replacing synthetic fibers in polymeric matrix composites used in engineering applications. Among the NLFs, the hemp fiber is worldwide used in the textile industry. Thus, this work aimed to chemically characterize hemp fabric through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, aiming at engineering composites application. The results showed the presence of functional groups that make up most natural fibers. In addition, the XRD analysis made it possible to calculate the material's crystallinity level, which was estimated about 63.1%, and the microfibril angle, about 8.2°. These results represent a potential mechanical strength of the material.
Chemical, Physical and Morphological Characterization of Eco-clinker Produced From Industrial Waste: Andre Oliveira Junior1; Leonardo Pedroti1; Guilheme Brigolini2; José Maria Franco de Carvalho1; José Carlos Lopes Ribeiro1; Cássia de Souza1; Marina Altoé2; Ana Carolina Martins Pereira1; Wellington Fernandes1; Beatryz Cardoso Mendes1; Caio Torres1; Gustavo Emílio Soares de Lima1; Márcia Maria Salgado Lopes1; 1Federal University of Viçosa; 2Federal University of Ouro Preto
To mitigate the low environmental performance of civil construction, researchers began to study the incorporation of waste from other industries in construction materials. The aim of this research was to produce and characterize an eco-clinker from the reuse of grits residues (produced at cellulose manufacturing process), granite residues (produced during the processing of ornamental rocks) and iron ore tailings (produced during the processing of iron ore). To produce the eco-clinker, three mixtures were formulated considering the parameters of lime saturation factor (LSF), calculation of the Bogue potential, silica ratio (SR) and alumina ratio (AR). The pellets were burnt at a temperature of 1450ºC for 20 minutes and then, the mixtures were characterized. The eco-clinker produced presents large amounts of C2S-β. The mechanical properties in the early ages was out of date. At older ages the mechanical strength of the eco-clinkers can be compared with the mechanical strength of conventional cements.
Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Resistance and Corrosion of the Welded Region of Stainless Steel Lean Duplex 2102 and Stainless Steel Duplex 2205: Rômulo Candido1; Niander Cerqueira1; Victor Souza1; Daniel Gallo1; Afonso Azevedo; 1Centro Universitário Redentor
The present work established a comparison between the physical, mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of 2205 duplex stainless steels and Lean Duplex 2102 stainless steels, widely used in the offshore industry. Samples welded by the GTAW (TIG) process were tested on plates with 1.5 mm thickness and also solid samples by means of tensile tests at different load application speeds. The with non-welded steels reaching deformations in the range of 10% to 27% in both samples and samples showed deformations in the range of 4% to 7% in both types of steels. Immersion corrosion resistance tests were also carried out. In both cases, the welded samples showed higher corrosion rates in mm / year, due to the welded region and additional elements of the GTAW welding process. Finally, the plates were visually inspected by bending tests, with no cracks or fractures found in the traction region.
Comparison Between Red Ceramic Parts With and Without Ornamental Stone Waste Under Weting and Drying Cycles: Mateus Moraes1; Gustavo Xavier1; Afonso Azevedo2; Jonas Alexandre1; Markssuel Marvila1; Sergio Monteiro3; Josinaldo Dias1; 1UENF; 2Fluminense Federal University; 3IME
The comparison between red ceramic pieces with and without incorporation of ornamental rock residue was evaluated in this work through wetting and drying cycles in up to 175 cycles. The firing temperatures used were up to 950ºC and the residue incorporations were up to 10% (0R, 5R and 10R). The greatest aging observed was for ceramic samples without residue, which characterizes increased durability. The index of loss of flexural strength was higher for samples 0R than for 5R, that is, 59.8% and 39.19% respectively. This is due to the presence of microcline, anortite and biotite in the stone residue, which forms molten flux a liquid phase in sintering.
Compressive Properties of Additively Manufactured Titanium Carbide: Heet Amin1; Jianshen Wang1; Daniel East2; Ali Ameri1; Hongxu Wang1; Evgeny Morozov1; Juan Escobedo-Diaz1; 1University of New South Wales; 2CSIRO Manufaturing
The compressive behaviour of additively manufactured Ti-Ni-C composites was investigated through quasi-static compression and Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar tests. The carbon content within the Ti-Ni-C samples were varied in order to identify its influence on the mechanical behavior of the material. Mechanical tests and optical microscopy were used in order identify the effectiveness of Ti-Ni-C composite as a functionally graded material of potential use in ballistic protection. Specimens with 5.3%C and 6%C content yielded mechanical properties. This indicates a saturation effect at these levels of carbon content. Specimens with lower carbon content are currently ongoing. Most important results will be presented.
Correlation between Density and Diameter Variation of Carnauba Fibers: Raí Junio1; Lúcio Nascimento1; Lucas Neuba1; Andressa Souza1; Luana Demosthenes1; Sergio Monteiro2; 1Military Institute of Engineering; 2Instituto Militar de Engenharia
The increasing employability of natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) in industrial sectors highlights the market's interest in the properties presented by these materials. NLFs have high variability in their properties, depending on factors intrinsic to the species or ecological. The present work proposes to evaluate the dimensional variation and its correlation with the variation of the specific mass of the carnauba fibers (Copernicia prunifera). The density was determined through the linear calculation by the diameter of the fibers (LCDF), together with the Archimedes Principle. The micrographs obtained by optical microscopy indicated an elliptical cross section, with an average diameter of 0.769 mm located between 0.31 to 1.21 mm. The average density by the LCDF method was not very accurate, however, according to the Archimedes principle it was 1.13 ± 0.22 g/cm3. Carnauba fibers showed characteristics equivalent to other natural fibers, highlighting the possibility of their use in composites of polymeric matrix.
Critical Length and Interfacial Strength of Sedge Fiber Embedded in Epoxy Matrix: Lucas Neuba1; Andressa Souza1; Raí Junio1; Matheus Ribeiro1; Raphael Reis1; Sergio Neves1; 1Military Institute of Engineering (IME)
A growing concern about the limitation of non-renewable resources has brought a focus on the development of environmentally sustainable and biodegradable composite materials. In this context, a trend in the development of natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) used as a reinforcement in composites is ever increasing. Therefore, in this work, for the first time in the literature, shows results of the sedge fibers physically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the cristallinity index (IC) were obtained. The peaks obtained were found on 18.10° and 25.63°, respectively found for the planes of (1 1 0) and (2 0 0). Also the IC found for the sedge fibers has a value of 62.47%. Besides an evaluation of the interface adhesion of the fiber and an epoxy resin was made by the critical lenght obtained in a pullout test of 10.77 mm and a interfacial strength of 1.014 MPa.
Density Weibull Analysis of tucum fiber with Different Diameters: Michelle Oliveira1; Fabio Garcia Filho1; Fernanda da Luz1; Sergio Monteiro1; 1Instituto Militar de Engenharia
The replacement of synthetic fibers to natural fibers has been the subject of intense research, particularly as applied in composites. Astrocaryum vulgare is an important palm tree employed for many people along the Amazonian region in handcrafts and other products, by traditional manipulation techniques. The aim of this work is to perform a density Weibull analysis of Astrocaryum vulgare (Tucum) fibers with different diameters. The results obtained may be a database of Astrocaryum vulgare fibers, helping future research that will addresses its application potential as an alternative fiber applied in polymer composites.
Determination of the Crystallinity Index and Morphological Aspect of Carnauba Fibers: Raí Junio1; Lúcio Nascimento1; Lucas Neuba1; Andressa Souza1; Raphael Reis1; Sergio Monteiro2; 1Military Institute of Engineering; 2Instituto Militar de Engenharia
Natural Lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) have several benefits when compared to synthetic fibers. The properties of natural fibers depend on several factors, especially crystallinity, microfibrillar angle (MFA), plant age, morphology, among other requirements. It is extremely important to collect information on indicators that can influence the properties of NLFs, especially the fibers of carnauba (Copernicia prunifera). This study aims to raise information about the crystallinity and morphology of these fibers, performing analysis related to an optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used. The micrographs obtained by optical microscopy revealed a predominance of an elliptical cross section. XRD showed the diffraction pattern characteristic of the carnauba fibers, obtaining a crystallinity index of 86.9% and MFA of 7.48 °. SEM micrographs revealed surface porosity and on the transverse surface it was possible to identify the lumen and microficrofibrils. Carnauba fibers have characteristics similar to other FNLs already studied.
Development of Artificial Stone with Industrial Solid Waste from Fluorescent Lamps in a Polymer Matrix: Vitor Souza1; Elaine Aparecida Costa1; Carlos Maurício Vieira1; Sérgio Neves Monteiro2; Geovana Carla Delaqua1; Daniele Tavares Campos3; 1Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro; 2Instituto Militar de Engenharia; 3Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo
With the appearance of solid waste from fluorescent lamps in the environment, considered polluting pollutants, the artificial stone appear as a sustainable escape for commercialization and recycling. The objective of the project is to evaluate the effect of incorporating the residue of fluorescent lamps into artificial stone using a polymeric matrix and to verify their physical and mechanical properties, according to standards. The methodology was the “Vibro, Compression, Vacuum” process that is currently used by the compacted artificial stone industry. In this process, the residue was mixed with the castor bean polymeric resin and subsequently submitted to a temperature of 80ºC under 10ton pressure, promoting polymerization. The results have shown a density of 2.18g / cm³, porosity 1.84% and water absorption 0.84%. It is concluded that the innovative product has an average quality and it can be applied in some areas in civil construction, according to some researchers.
Dynamic Behavior of a High Hardness Ballistic Steel: Suzane Oliveira1; Karollyne Monsores1; Anderson Silva1; Géssica Nicolau1; Ricardo Weber1; Andersan Paula1; Sergio Monteiro1; 1IME
When a material is subjected to high stresses and / or high rates of deformation, the behavior generated inside it is completely different from those that do not involve high speeds, because atoms do not have enough time to feel the impact. This behavior is called dynamic and, like the mechanic, has its own characteristics relevant to the performance of the shield. Therefore, this work sought to know a little about the dynamic behavior of a high hardness metallic shield, through the test with the Hopkinson compression bar under high deformation rates, followed by characterization by scanning electron microscopy, where it was possible to identify the dynamic failure known as the adiabatic shear band
Ecological Mortars with Blast Slag Residue Application: José Alexandre Linhares Júnior1; Markssuel Marvila1; Afonso Azevedo; Lucas Reis1; Ariana Azeredo1; Carlos Maurício Vieira1; Sergio Monteiro2; 1Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro; 2IME
The objective of this work is to evaluate the replacement of cement and sand by blast furnace slag residue, in order to produce mortars with better mechanical properties. Mortars were used 1: 3: 1.5 (cement: sand: water), with substitution of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of cement by slag. A reference mortar was also produced without the application of the residue. Cures were evaluated at normal and thermal temperatures at 60ºC and tests were performed on compressive strength, water absorption, porosity, density and consistency. The results indicate that the slag is viable in the application of both replacing sand and replacing cement.
Effect of Flying Ash as an Additive or Substitute for Portland Cement on Compression Strength in Concrete Blocks (Vibro-compacted): Hugo García-Ortiz1; Aislinn M. Teja-Ruiz1; Miguel Pérez-Labra1; Martín Reyes-Pérez1; Edgar Cardoso-Legorreta1; Felipe Legorreta-García1; Francisco Barrientos-Hernández1; Julio Cesar Juárez T.1; 1Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo
In the present investigation, the study of the effect of fly ash as an additive or substitute for cement in compression strength of concrete blocks (vibro-compacted) is reported. Firstly, a control specimen was manufactured without Portland cement substitution or addition, which was called the comparison standard with a strength of 71.23 kg cm-2. With this reference parameter, Portland cement was added with 15% fly ash, reaching a strength of 72.45 kg cm -2 and replaced by three different percentages of the mixture, in proportions of 15, 30 and 50%, reaching strengths of 70.61, 65.29 and 51.67 kg cm -2 respectively.The results indicate that compressive strength decreases with increasing substitution percentage, however, at low percentages, fly ash can replace portland cement without compromising compressive strength. The physical tests were carried out under the ONNCCE standard. The fly ash was characterized using the techniques of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Laser Particle Size Analyzer (LPA).
Effect of the Incorporation of Bauxite and Iron Ore Tailings on the Properties of Clay Bricks: Beatryz Mendes1; Leonardo Pedroti1; Bianca Bonomo1; Anna Carolina Lucas1; Lívia Silva1; Márcia Lopes1; Gustavo Lima1; 1Universidade Federal De Vicosa
Mining industries generate high amounts of tailings, which are usually allocated in dams. These structures cause severe environmental impacts and serious risks to the safety of surrounding population. Another way to dispose these wastes is the addition into building materials. This work aimed to study the incorporation of bauxite and iron ore tailings in clay bricks. The raw materials were the tailings and one clay. The mixture design of experiments was applied to obtain the mixtures and cylinder specimens were produced by pressing. After drying and firing at 950°C, the specimens were evaluated for mechanical strength, water absorption, apparent porosity and bulk density. Based on standards criteria, the optimal mixture was determined containing 40% of clay, 45% of bauxite residue and 15% of iron ore tailings. This study proved the technical feasibility of using high percentages of mining tailings for ceramic production, which is also a sustainable action.
Evaluation of Different Methods of Surface Treatment of Natural Açaí Fiber Added in Cementitious Composites: Afonso Azevedo1; Markssuel Marvila2; Euzébio Zanelato2; Thuany Lima2; Daiane Cecchin1; Jessica Souza3; Marcio Barbosa1; Sergio Monteiro4; Higor Azevedo2; Jonas Alexandre2; Gustavo Xavier2; 1Fluminense Federal University; 2UENF; 3UNB; 4IME
Açaí fiber has characteristic that enhance its application as a reinforcement material in mortars. One of the major problems in the use of natural fibers in cementitious composites is the alkalinity of the porous of these materials, which can be solved by applying surface treatment to the fibers. The objective of this work was to evaluate four different forms of surface treatment of natural açaí fibers, washing them with water, with cyclohexane/ethanol, immersing them in a solution of NaOH or alkaline peroxide, adding them in 4% in relation to the mass of cement in mortars of cement and lime for coating. Properties such as consistency, incorporated air content, linear shrinkage, mechanical resistance and water absorption were evaluated, according to Brazilian standards. The results showed that the treatment with alkaline NaOH solution is the one that best managed to modify the surface of the fibers, improving the evaluated technological properties.
Evaluation of Full Bedding Concrete Blocks Prisms with Different Laying Mortar Strength: Thuany Lima1; Afonso Azevedo2; Markssuel Marvila1; Euzébio Zanelato1; Jonas Alexandre1; Sergio Monteiro3; 1UENF; 2Fluminense Federal University; 3IME
In the structural masonry system, the wall performs a structural function, absorbing the loads imposed on the system, being formed by blocks joined by seating mortar. In this constructive method, the quality control of the inputs and the correct dimensioning of the components is of paramount importance. In addition to the inputs, other factors can compromise the strength of the wall, for example the mortar bedding types. Two types are recommended, full bedding and face shell bedding. In full bedding, the mortar is disposed in all septum of the block. Therefore, this work has the objective of evaluating concrete blocks prisms with two mixed mortars traces of differents compressive strenght. It is concluded that the increase of the compressive strength of the mortar influences the increase in the compressive strength of the prisms with full bedding type.
Evaluation of Izod Impact Energy of Epoxy Matrix Composites Reinforced with Hemp Fabric: Matheus Ribeiro1; 1Military Institute of Engineering
Natural lignocellulosic fibers composites have been used in different applications, such as in the automotive industries, civil construction, sports equipment and packing. Among the natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLF), the hemp fiber has several applications and is historically used in textile industries, papers and even as medicine. However, only scarce applications of hemp fibers exist as engineering materials. Thus, the work investigated the impact resistance of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with hemp fabric, comparing different fractions of volumes of hemp fabric, 10, 20 and 30%, by Izod impact test. The results showed that although the 30% vol. hemp fabric composites samples did not break completely, their absorbed energy was substantially higher than the others composites. On the other hand, the 10 and 20% vol. composites showed similar performance on the test, which was corroborated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test.
Evaluation of Izod Impact Properties of the Epoxy Matrix Composite Reinforced with Curaua Fibers Functionalized with Graphen Oxide: Ulisses Costa1; Lucio Nascimento1; Wendell Almeida Bezerra1; Sergio Monteiro1; 1Military Institute of Engineering
The disadvantages of natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) for applications in composites of polymeric matrices led to the need to study new treatments to optimize the compatibility between these materials through surface treatments. Recent studies show that the functionalization of both synthetic and natural fibers with graphene oxide (GO), has become an efficient solution against this disadvantage. The present work aimed to study the Izod impact energy absorption capacity of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with curaua fibers treated with GO. The analysis was carried out within three groups, varying the volumetric fraction of fibers between 20, 30 and 40% vol in two conditions: composites with curauá fibers (control group) and composites with curauá fibers functionalized with 0.1% GO. The percentage of fibers was predominant for increasing the energy absorption capacity while the functionalization with GO was effective in reducing the dispersion of results, homogenizing the properties of the composite.
Evaluation of Mechanical Behavior in Traction of Epoxy-Caranan Composites: Andressa Souza1; Raí Junio1; Lucas Neuba1; Michelle Oliveira1; Sérgio Monteiro1; Lúcio Nascimento1; 1IME
Research on composites reinforced with natural fibers is increasing, since it is possible to identify a series of benefits in natural lignocellulosic fibers (FNLs) such as: low abrasiveness, low price, low density and high resistant especific strength. These properties combined with their biodegradability raise interest in the production of composites reinforced with natural fibers (CFNLs). Therefore, in this work, the tensile properties of composites reinforced with Caranan fiber were investigated, according to the technical standard ASTM D3039. For the first time in the literature, results were obtained on the strength limit (MPa), elastic modulus (GPa) and average deformation (%) of this fiber added to a polymeric resin. The study concluded that the fibers with 20% and 30% v/v are applied as reinforcement, while 10% v / v work as a filler.
Evaluation of Tensile Strength and Elastic Modulus of the Epoxy Matrix Composite Reinforced with Hemp Fabric for Engineering Applications: Matheus Ribeiro1; 1Military Institute of Engineering
Natural fibers have been growingly researched reinforcement in composites. Amid of natural fibres, the lignocellulosic fibres (LNF) are the most accepted by the industries and researches due to its renewability and availability. Among the NLFs, the hemp fibers have several applications and is historically used in textile industries, papers and even as medicine. However, only scarce studies of hemp fibers applied to engineering materials exist. Thus, this paper aims to investigate the use of hemp fabric as reinforcement to an epoxy matrix. Composites with volume fractions of 10, 20 and 30% were characterized for tensile strength and elastic modulus. The results showed that the 30% composites present a relevant performance compared to the others composites investigated. Furthermore, it was showed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) that the 10 and 20% volumetric fractions composites have no significant difference in both parameters.
Evaluation of the Correlation between the Diameters of the Sedge Fibers and a Morphological Characterization: Lucas Neuba1; Andressa Souza1; Raí Junio1; Matheus Ribeiro1; Raphael Reis1; Sergio Neves1; 1Military Institute of Engineering (IME)
Research on natural fibers as a possible engineering material is increasing, since it is possible to identify a series of benefits in NFLs such as: low abrasiveness, low price, low density and high resistance especific strength. These properties combined with their biodegradability raise interest in the research of NFLs. Therefore, in this work, for the first time in the literature, shows results that were obtained relating the frequency distribution of the diameters, together with their density by diameter range. An statistical distribution by Weibull analysis has made possible to create a mathematical correlation between the density and the inverse of the diameter and a morphological characterization of the sedge (Cyperus malaccensis) thick and thin fibers through an scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis.
Evaluation of the Mechanical Behavior of Epxoy Matrix-hybrid Natural Faric Composite: Accelerated Aging by UV Radiation: Clara Caminha1; Michelle Oliveira1; Lucio Nascimento1; Sergio Monteiro1; 1Instituto Militar de Engenharia
Thermoset matrix compounds have been used extensively in several industrial sectors. Many of these applications expose the material in environments that compromise its use, such as: heat, solar pollution, pollution and static charges or fatigue, which induce or age the material. The process involves several simultaneous and apparently independent mechanisms and, therefore, monitoring the evolution of variables with the unspecified time is the use or behavior of the sample in the face of accelerated acceleration conditions. The use of vegetable fibers minimizes environmental pollution and the production costs of composite materials. The aim of this study is to correlate with the compound's morphology with its properties and performance in aging accelerated by UV radiation. The findings of this work reveal that the hybrid composite formulation M:J:50:50 presents a balance of resistance to UV radiation effects, which makes it suitable for its use as a potential biocomposite material for some applications.
Evaluation of Thermal Healing in Pervious Concrete Pavers Produced with Reactive Powders Concrete: Wellington Fernandes1; Leonardo Pedroti1; Maurício Felisberto1; Guilherme Botelho1; Gustavo Lima1; Beatryz Mendes1; Heraldo Pitanga1; André Oliveira1; 1Federal University of Vicosa
A solution to mitigate floods and overflows in cities is the use of pervious concrete pavements. A concrete composed of a network of voids that allow water pass through, reducing the speed of surface runoff. The use of reactive powders concrete (RPC) makes possible to create a permeable material with high compressive strength, rare property in this type of concrete. The application of hot water bath curing allows an early strenght development, allowing the pavement material reach the market faster. Therefore, it was analyzed two pervious concrete mixes, with RPC: coarse aggregates ratios by weight of 1: 4.0 and 1: 3.5 and how the compressive strength behaves through hot water bath curing. The results show a significant gain in compressive strength in the early ages with hot water bath curing and that the permeability obtained by both analyzed mixes was satisfactory.
Incorporation of Porcelain Residue Powder and Mineral Wastes in Epoxy Matrix for Artificial Stone Purchase: Elaine Costa1; Vitor Souza1; Rubén Rodríguez1; Gabriela Barreto1; Sérgio Monteiro1; Carlos Maurício Vieira1; 1Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense
In order to minimize environmental and socioeconomic impacts, the project's objective is to develop artificial stone with incorporation of waste (powder from the polishing process of porcelain and mineral filler used by a company for the production of artificial stone) and epoxy resin, using as methodology the “Vibro, Compression, Vacuum” process that is currently used by the artificial stone industry. The granulometry was divided into three ranges, and the Simplex network experimental numerical modeling methodology was used for best-packed condition . The plates were produced in the dimensions of 100x100x10mm and the mixtures with the greatest packaging of the particles were (1/3 of fine particles, 1/3 medium and 1/3 large). The characterization consisted of analyzing the mechanical and physical properties. The results classify the material with high flexural strength above 20 Mpa, and good physical properties that classify the material with high potential to be used as a coating.
Influence of Modifier Admixture Based on Las in Cement Pastes: Ana Carolina Martins1; Matheus Duarte1; José Maria Carvalho1; Andre Oliveira Junior; Gabriel Arruda1; Leonardo Pedroti1; 1Universidade Federal de Viçosa
The use of modifying admixtures in cement-based composites is mandatory to improve their physical properties with technical and economic advantages. This paper discusses the influences of an alternative admixture based on Linear Alkyl Benzene Sodium Sulfonate (LAS) in cement pastes. Rheological tests were carried out on a flow table. Setting times and reaction speed were evaluated by ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurements. Compressive strength tests were performed in mortars. Different LAS contents were evaluated (0%, 0.01%, 0.1% and 1.0% by cement mass). Contents of up to 0.1% of LAS did not significantly change the rheological behavior in comparison to the reference paste, whereas the content of 1.0% of LAS showed a clear plasticizer effect. The highest levels of LAS resulted in an acceleration in the setting times, which contrasts with the results of UPV. Contents of 0.01% and 0.1% did not impair the strength in the first ages.
Influence of the Ceramic Block Sorptivity on the Adherence of Rendering Mortars: Euzebio Zanelato1; Afonso Azevedo2; Markssuel Marvila2; Thuany Lima3; Jonas Alexandre2; Sergio Monteiro4; Gustavo Xavier2; Carlos Vieira2; 1IFF; 2UENF; 3UCAM; 4IME
Adherence is one of the main properties of rendering mortars. Pathologies related to the lack of adherence between the mortar and the ceramic block are frequently seen, especially on facades. A complex system with several variables influences adherence, where the sorptivity of the ceramic block can be highlighted. The objective of this work is to verify the influence that the sorptivity of the ceramic block influences the mortar adhesion in different combinations. Ceramic blocks burned at three temperatures with and without the presence of roughcast were used. The ceramic blocks were evaluated by immersion absorption, mechanical strength and sorptivity tests. Three traces of mortar were used, characterized by water retention and mechanical resistance tests, in addition to adherence with the ceramic block. The adherence results between the materials indicated that the sorptivity influences the adherence with different behaviors, depending on the mortar used.
Influence of the Granulometry of the Granite Residue on the Sorptivity of Ceramic Blocks: Euzebio Zanelato1; Afonso Azevedo; Markssuel Marvila2; Thuany Lima3; Jonas Alexandre2; Pedro Rocha1; Sergio Monteiro4; Carlos Vieira2; 1IFF; 2UENF; 3UCAM; 4IME
The ornamental rock industry generates an enormous amount of waste on manufacturing process. Granite is the main rock extracted in Brazil for export blocks, a country that is one of the largest exporters in the world. The expressive volume of powder generated during the manufacturing process can be reused in the manufacture of ceramic pieces. The objective of this work is to evaluate four different particle sizes of the waste and its influence on the ceramic block sorptivity capacity. The two clays used in the work and the residue were characterized by chemical analysis test, granulometry, Atterberg limits and grain density. After the production of ceramic pieces with three levels of incorporation (0, 10 and 20%) of the residue, immersion absorption, sorptivity, mechanical resistance and adherence tests of three mortar traces were carried out. The results indicate that the granulometry of the residue significantly influences the sorptivity of the ceramic.
Influence of the Incorporation of Granite Waste on the Weathering Resistance of Soil Pigment-based Paints: Márcia Lopes1; Leonardo Pedroti1; Gustavo de Lima1; José Carlos Ribeiro1; Gustavo Nalon1; Beatryz Mendes1; André Oliveira Júnior1; 1Federal University of Viçosa
The reuse of granite waste in the manufacture of building paints is an alternative studied to contribute to sustainable development. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of granite waste, acting as mineral filler, on the weathering resistance of soil pigment-based paints. To manufacture the paint samples, a mixture design of experiments was defined, varying the proportions of soil, waste and polyvinyl acetate resin (PVA). The weathering resistance test was performed based on the specifications of ASTM G7:2013. The paint film submitted to weathering was compared to the paint film protected from external agents. It was observed that the use of granite waste in soil pigment-based paints delays the appearance of pathological manifestations and reduces the color change of the product. Thus, it is possible to conclude that granite waste has a strong potential to be reused in the production of paints.
Influence of the Mixing Processes of the Constituents of Incorporated Geopolymer Materials with Glass Waste: Lucas Reis1; Afonso Azevedo2; Markssuel Marvila1; Ariana Azeredo1; José Alexandre Linhares Júnior1; Niander Cerqueira3; Sergio Monteiro4; Carlos Mauricio Vieira1; 1UENF; 2Fluminense Federal University; 3UNIREDENTOR; 4IME
The production of geopolymeric materials is a great challenge when it comes to the process of dosing and mixing the materials called activators and precursors, in addition, they have great potential for incorporating waste into their constitution. The objective of this work was to evaluate the different ways of mixing the constituents of the geopolymer materials, evaluating the influence of the variations in the mixing process, molding and curing temperature of the mixtures, incorporating the glass waste as an activator of the mixture with a molar ratio of 3.5. Prismatic specimens were made and properties such as mechanical resistance to flexion, linear shrinkage and water absorption were evaluated for each condition evaluated. It can be concluded that the order of insertion of the components in the mixture, as well as the molding mode and cure temperature directly influence the technological properties of the specimens.
In-situ Investigation of Iron Ore Stock Pile during Its Stacking and Reclaiming Process: Wen Pan1; Shaoguo Chen1; Yapeng Zhang1; Zhipeng Kang2; Dongqing Wang1; 1Beijing Key Lab of Green Recyclable Process for Iron & Steel Production Technology; 2Shougang Jingtang United Iron & Steel Co.,Ltd.
Physical properties of a large-scale stock pile of iron ore were in-situ investigated during its stacking and reclaiming process. The total weight of the stock pile was around 200 thousand tones. The stacking and reclaiming process lasted for 480 hours. The tested physical properties include angle of repose, size and shape data, and size distribution of the blending ore, etc. At the initial stage of the stacking process, the angle of repose was 37.1. A decreasing trend was observed as the stacking process proceeded. In vertical direction, particles at bottom are much coarser than that at upper layer. In longitudinal direction, the head and tail section (5.7 m in length) of the stock pile showed serious particle segregation. According to the testing results during the reclaiming process, the deviation of the particle size at the cross section of the stock pile was above 10 %.
Life Cycle Assessment Applied to Red Ceramic Bricks Production Versus Red Ceramic Bricks Incorporated with Stone Wastes: A Comparative Study: Josinaldo Dias1; Gustavo Xavier1; Afonso Azevedo2; Jonas Alexandre1; Carlos Mauricio Vieira1; Henry Colorado3; 1UENF; 2Fluminense Federal University; 3Universidad de Antioquia
Ceramic bricks play an important role in the Brazilian economy and have red clay as a basic raw material for this industry. The aim of this study was to discuss the main environmental impacts related to the manufacture of red clay bricks, comparing conventional production versus the production of red clay bricks incorporated with stone waste. The environmental performance of red clay bricks in Brazil was evaluated with a Life Cycle Assessment study based on international standards ISO 14040 and ISO 14044. The main impacts of brick production are associated with atmospheric emissions (CO2), in the transformation phase. The incorporation of stone waste represents a possibility to reduce environmental impacts and improve the durability of the material, since the bricks incorporated with 5% by mass of stone waste increases the useful life 2.91-fold, when compared to conventional ceramic bricks, considering the sintering of the material at 950ºC.
Mechanical Properties Evaluation of Epoxy Matrix Composites for Different Conditions of Volumetric Fraction of Sedge Fibers: Lucas Neuba1; Andressa Souza1; Raí Junio1; Luana Demosthenes1; Ulisses Costa1; Sergio Neves1; 1Military Institute of Engineering (IME)
The fibers extracted from the stem of the sedge (cyperus malaccensis) plant have been investigated as possible composite reinforcement, aiming to discover a possible new fiber for an engineering aplication. For this reason these fibers were incorporated in an epoxy matrix in different volumetric fraction of 10, 20 and 30%v/v and were investigated for mechanical properties associated with tensile strength. Plates were fabricated following the dimensions of 150 x 15 x 2mm as required by ASTM D3039. The statistics analysis of the results were performed by ANOVA and Tukey tests based on a 95% confidence level. Besides, a Weibull analysis was applied and have shown a great confidence of the weibull parameters. Results disclosed a tendency of increasing the mechanical properties with increasing fiber content. Tukey test revealed a significant difference of the 30% condition when compared to 10% condition,an Weibull Analysys have shown better parameters for the 30% condition.
PCM Encapsulation for Incorporation in Construction Materials: Gustavo Lima1; Matheus Oliveira1; Luis Gustavo Nascimento1; Evandro Martins1; Joyce Carlo1; Leonardo Pedroti1; Nathália Albuini-Oliveira1; Márcia Lopes1; 1Federal University of Viçosa
Phase change materials (PCM) use the latent heat of the phase change to control temperatures within a specific range. Thus, when combined with a construction material, the PCM has the potential to contribute to increased thermal comfort, reduced energy consumption for heating/cooling and change in peak energy load. The PCM transits between the solid and liquid states through the absorption and emission of heat, thus, its encapsulation is necessary to avoid causing mechanical damage to the construction material. The aim of this study has been to develop a technique for encapsulating vegetable fats in Ca-alginate shells and to evaluate the characteristics of the capsules with a view to a future application in civil construction. Core/shell capsules, with approximately 3 mm in diameter, were analyzed by DSC, TG/DTA, SEM and profilometer. The results indicate that the encapsulated PCM has the potential for incorporation in several construction materials.
Physical, Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of AISI 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel: Leonardo Pinheiro1; Niander Cerqueira1; Victor Souza1; Daniel Gallo1; Afonso Azevedo2; 1UniREDENTOR; 2UENF
Therefore, the complete analysis and characterization of the material is essential for assertiveness and selection in engineering projects. Within the existing steels and stainless steel families, the austenitic class can be highlighted. This study determined the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of austenitic 316 stainless steel, in order to detail in a quantitative and qualitative way the formation characteristics of this steel. A tensile strength stress of 694 MPa, elongation of 64.64%, Rockwell hardness of 50 HRC, physical microstructures similar to relevant technical collections and chemical composition according to normative standards, in particular the amount of molybdenum in the composition, an element that guarantees greater resistance to corrosion. From this work, it was possible to know unconventional test methods for characterizing materials and learn about a material used in several applications, such as process piping in the oil and gas industry.
Research Progress of Aging Effects on Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Brief Review: Michelle Oliveira1; Fernanda Da Luz1; Sergio Monteiro1; 1Instituto Militar de Engenharia
Natural fiber reinforced polymer(NFRP)composites have obtained significance in recent times due to its wide application in different industries such as automotive, aerospace, construction,and ballistic appliances because of the high price of synthetic fibers and environmental issue. These natural fibers are cheaper and lighter but their mechanical properties are lower than the synthetic fibers. Great efforts have been made to understand the phenomenon of weathering of polymeric materials, which ultimately result in the deterioration of the physical and mechanical properties of the polymer. This paper aims to point out steps for a better use in long term and to prevent risks. Thereunto, the components of NFRP and flexural strength and modulus is revealed in the first part. Afterwards, the second part will be devoted to review diverse methods of aging treatments applied to natural fiber composites. Eventually, a discussion about the optimal approaches for lifetime prediction of NFRPs will be drawn.
Statistical Analysis of Izod Impact Resistance of an Epoxy Matrix Reinforced with Sedge Fibers: Lucas Neuba1; Andressa Souza1; Raí Junio1; Matheus Ribeiro1; Michelle Oliveira1; Sergio Neves1; 1Military Institute of Engineering (IME)
Epoxy composites reinforced with 10,20 and 30% v/v of a scientifically new natural lignocellulosic fiber in terms of its use as an engineering material known in Brazil as seven-islands-sedge were, for this reason, investigated for mechanical properties associated with Izod impac test. The specimens dimensions followed the ASTM D256 standard. The results have shown that composites of 30%v/v presents more effective reinforcement. The statitiscal analysis of the data of impact energy obtained, were performed by Weibull analysis, ANOVA statistics ad Tukey test. Both of the Anova and Tukey test analysis were based on a 95% confidence level, therefore, the Tukey test confirmed that the reinforcement of 30%v/v presents the highest absorption energy altough it just have shown a significant difference for a pure epoxy matrix and 10% of volume fraction reinforcing composites. The weibull analysis exhibited a satisfactory linear adjustment confirming an homogeneity in the specimens group.
Study of Face Shell Bedding Concrete Blocks Prisms with Different Laying Mortar Strength: Thuany Lima1; Afonso Azevedo2; Markssuel Marvila1; Euzébio Zanelato1; Ana Luiza Paes1; Jonas Alexandre1; Sergio Neves Monteiro1; 1UENF; 2Fluminense Federal University
The structural masonry has as basic characteristic the use of the supporting walls, formed with structural blocks joined by seating mortar. The blocks must have compressive strength compatible with the loads to which they will be subjected, and the mortar must be adequately resisted in order not to compromise the structure of which it is part, and absorb the deformations to which the masonry is subjected. Two types of mortar bedding type are recommended, full bedding, covering net área for unit and face sheel bedding, where the mortar is placed only in the face shell area of the block. This work aims to test the compression of face shell bedding concrete blocks prisms with two traces of mixed mortar with different compressive strength. It’s concluded that the increase of the compressive strength of the mortar influences the increase in the compressive strength of the prisms with face shell bedding type.
Study of Pathologies in Alkali Activated Materials Based on Slag: Markssuel Marvila1; Afonso Azevedo; Euzébio Zanelato1; Thuany Lima1; Geovana Delaqua1; Carlos Maurício Vieira1; Leonardo Pedroti1; Sergio Monteiro1; 1Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro
The main pathogens that occur in alkali activated materials based on blast furnace slag are efflorescence and the black heart, due to the saturation of very high amounts of sodium. Therefore, the objective of this work was to measure the alkali mortars activated by a solution of 2.5M,5M, 7.5M, 10M, 12.5M and 15M using sodium hydroxide, testing the material under compression and water absorption with 7 days of curing at room temperature and thermal curing at 60ºC. The results show that the use of 12.5M and 15M causes the appearance of this pathology when curing in a normal environment, while compositions with 10M, 7.5M and 5M present excellent technological parameters.
Study of the Feasibility of Incorporation Clay From Campos Dos Goytacazes - RJ, in Mortar Applied on Walls and Ceilings: Larissa Granato1; Gustavo Xavier1; Henry Colorado2; Afonso Azevedo3; Jonas Alexandre1; Carlos Mauricio Vieira1; Markssuel Marvila1; 1UENF; 2Universidad de Antioquia; 3Fluminense Federal University
Civil construction is in constant search for alternatives to reduce the degradation of the environment and, therefore, studies new materials technologies that are sustainable. Mortar is an example whose raw materials involve a high commercial value and highly energetic production processes in relation to CO 2 emissions. This work compares embedded clay mortars for use in wall and ceiling coverings. These are two clays: a clay from Campos dos Goytacazes - RJ and an industrialized clay collected from local businesses. For this purpose, characterization of the aggregates, study of the mortar dosage, consistency indexes, water retention tests, specific gravity, compressive strength and tensile bond strength were carried out. The results indicated that Campos clay tested as a material for dosing mortar in wall and ceiling was compatible with industrial clay, allowing the commercialization of the studied product.
Surface Characterization of Concentrated Jamesonite, in the Collectorless Flotation, in Acid, Neutral and Alkaline Medium: Jazmín Terrazas Medina1; Martín Reyes Perez2; Elia Guadalupe Palacios Beas3; Mizraim Uriel Flores Guerrero4; Iván Alejandro Reyes Domínguez5; Aislinn Michelle Teja Ruiz1; Miguel Pérez Labra1; Francisco Raúl Barrientos Hernández1; 1 Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo; 2Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; 3Instituto Politécnico Nacional; 4Universidad Tecnológica de Tulancingo. Área de Electromecánica Industrial; 5Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí
The pH, is a critical variable and influences the surface state of the floated ore particles and the flotation efficiency, jamesonite is a lead sulphosalt, antimony with iron contents Pb4FeSb6S14. In this investigation, the study of the surface state of jamesonite was carried out, using infrared spectroscopy of particles obtained in the collectorless flotation in acid, neutral and alkaline medium. In the alkaline medium, the mineral flotation decreases or is depressed, mainly due to the oxidation of the superficial iron, forming oxy hydroxide iron, goethite α-FeOOH, considered as a hydrophilic specie, as well as the division of the main sulphate band indicating metal sulphate formation. Meanwhile, when the collectorless flotation is at pH 6 and 7.8, a recovery of 70% w/w is reached, and the absorption bands of the species with covalent bond, are significantly attenuated.
Synergy between Cu and Cr on Localized Corrosion of the Low Alloy Steels: Kewei Gao1; Luchun Yan1; Xiaolu Pang1; Zhimeng Guo1; Yanjing Su1; Lijie Qiao1; 1University of Science and Technology Beijing
In this paper, three kinds of low alloy steels containing Cu or/and Cr elements were used. The synergetic effect of Cu and Cr in steel was studied by the first principles calculation as well as TEM and SEM observations for understanding of localized corrosion mechanism,.The types of inclusions in the three steels are basically the same, mainly composed of (Si, Al) oxide surrounded by (Mn, Cu, Cr) sulfides. There is no obviours difference in the number, size and distribution of inclusions in the three steels. The enrichment of Cu and Cr on MnS region of the complex inclusion was observed. Compared with steel containing only Cu or Cr, the enrichment degree of both elements increased when they coexisted, and the increase of enrichment degree of Cr element was higher than that of Cu element.
Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Application in the Removal of Heavy Metals from the Aqueous Medium: Arantza Cordova1; Karen Rivera1; Diana Serna1; Laura García1; Pedro Ramírez1; Mizraim Flores1; 1Universidad Tecnológica de Tulancingo
In the present study, iron oxide nanoparticles were obtained by green synthesis, using as a reducing agent the rosa damascene (RD) and as an oxidizing agent heptahydrate ferric chloride (analytical grade); nanoparticles were characterized, by X-Ray Diffraction the obtaining magnetite was determined; and by Scanning Electron Microscope, the micrographs expose particle dimensions from 22 nm to 93 nm, with spherical geometry and remarkable dispersion. The nanoparticles were used to package a filter column where sawdust, dolomite and activated carbon were also used, due to they all have a high adsorption capacity. Water contaminated with a known concentration of arsenic flowed through the column. When analyzing the water filtered in the column by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, it was concluded that arsenic was removed in its entirety, which remained trapped in the column.
Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles Obtained from the Extract of Schinus Molle: Estrella Palacios1; Karime Cardenas1; Jenny Dominguez1; Mizraim Flores1; Laura García1; Pedro Ramírez1; 1Universidad Tecnológica de Tulancingo
Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using the green chemistry technique, zinc acetate was used as a precursor agent and schinus molle extract as a stabilizer agent the main schinus molle component are carboxylic acids, similarly presents tension bands of the C-H group, the S-O group. A white powder, characteristic of zinc oxide, was obtained. X-ray diffraction was performed on the synthesis product and identified as zincite (ZnO), with a compact hexagonal unit cell, whose network parameters are at a = 3.2490 Å and c = 5.2070 Å, the ICDD-PDF letter is 96-901-1663. Scanning electron microscopy characterization showed that nanoparticles they have a spherical morphology, sizes ranging from 23 nm to 67.6 nm.
S/TEM Characterization of Interdendritic Phases in Ni-30Cr Weld Metal 52XL: Cheng-Han Li1; Carolin Fink1; John Lippold1; Joerg Jinschek1; 1The Ohio State University
Ta-rich γ/MC eutectic is the predominant interdendritic constituent that forms upon solidification in Ni-30Cr weld metal with Ta and Mo additions. In addition, a very small amount of topologically close packed phase forms on weld solidification. These terminal solidification constituents were investigated in detail by a combination of various methods in transmission electron microscopy (TEM): selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis and associated SAED pattern simulation, high angle annular dark field (HAADF) STEM imaging and associated image simulation, as well as energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS). Ta-rich γ/MC and tetragonal sigma (σ) phase were observed based on acquisition, analysis and simulation of six SAED patterns by specimen tilt into six defined zone axis orientations to differentiate sigma (σ) phase from Laves phase. The presence of sigma (σ) phase was further validated and its atomic configuration was revealed by high-resolution HAADF-STEM imaging in combination with HAADF-STEM image simulation experiments.
The Simpex-Lattice Method Application to Optimize the Design of Soil-Slag-Fly Ash Mixtures: Mateus Henrique Rodrigues1; Leonardo Pedroti1; Taciano Silva1; Heraldo Pitanga1; Klaus Henrique Rodrigues1; Emerson Lopes1; 1Federal University of Viçosa
The utilization of ladle furnace slags and fly ashes as soil stabilizers in road construction is an alternative to reuse these by-products. However, there is no method grounded on experiments design to optimize the dosage of those by-products in mixtures with soil. This study applied the Simplex-Lattice Method to perform the design of experiments to optimize the design of Soil-Slag-Fly ash mixtures. The soil was geomechanically characterized and the by-products were submitted to SEM (Scanning Electronic Microscopy), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), pozzolanic activity and specific surface area analysis. The experimental mixtures were submitted to Unconfined Compressive Strength test and the results led to a response surface and a mathematical model that described the interaction between the components and allowed the mixture design optimization. This study highlights the potential of the Simplex-Lattice method to optimize Soil-Slag-Fly ash mixtures and the technical suitability of utilizing those by-products as soil stabilizers.
Thermal Analysis by Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Sedge Fibers and Epoxy Matrix Composites Reinforced with Sedge Fibers: Lucas Neuba1; Sergio Neves1; 1Military Institute of Engineering (IME)
In recent years, the interest of developing composites reinforced with renewable materials has grown tremendously since social requests demands products that cause low environmental impact. Natural lignocellulosic fibers are extensive used as a reinforce for matrix polymeric composites and when compared to inorganic fibers such as carbon and glass, the natural fibers presents low cost, low weight and have higher specific tensile strength and flexural strength. The present work have been dedicate to analyze a scientifically new ligocelluloic fiber for engineering aplications known as seven-islands-sedge in Brazil. Concerning to discover how it behaves in high temperatures the natural fiber was subjected to an differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis , besides composites reinforced with 0, 10, 20 and 30% of volumetric fractions of this fiber were also analysed. A endothermic peak was found on 97.4°C and a Tg peak was observed on 66.8 and 81.1°C for the different conditions of composites.
Technical, Environmental and Economic Advantages in the Use of Rubber Asphalt: Mariah Soares1; Niander Cerqueira1; Felipe Almeida1; Afonso Azevedo; Markssuel Marvila2; 1Centro Universitário Redentor; 2UENF
The correct disposal of tires is a major concern for the environment. A part of the waste is used to manufacture rubber asphalt, providing environmental, technical and economic advantages. In the present work it was identified that the permanent deformation at 60 ° C in 10,000 cycles for CAP 50/70 (traditional asphalt) is 4.7%, while rubber asphalt is 2.5%. And the permanent deformation at 60 ° C in 30,000 cycles for CAP 50/70 is 6.2%, and for rubber asphalt it is 3.2%. Thus, the pavement with rubber asphalt is more durable compared to the pavement with CAP 50/70. So, even though rubber asphalt is a little more expensive, in the long run it becomes more economical because it has greater durability. And also over the years the CAP 50/70 will need more maintenance, while rubber asphalt promises a much lower amount of maintenance.
Thermal Analysis of Sedge Fibers and Epoxy Matrix Composites Reinforced with Sedge Fibers: Lucas Neuba1; Michelle Oliveira1; Sergio Neves1; 1Military Institute of Engineering (IME)
A growing concern about the environmental reasons involving green gas motivated researchers efforts aiming to provide natural materials less harmful to the enviromennt and the human beings’ quality of life. For this reason the use of lignocellulosic fibers replaces sinthetic fibers composites, a diversity of them have already been investigated. However, these fibers presents certains drawbacks, specifically one of them is relative to their low thermal stability reflecting on a limitation to their composites. The present work has been dedicated to analyze a scientifically new ligocellulosic fiber for engineering aplications known as seven-islands-sedge in Brazil. Concerning to discover how it behaves in high temperatures the natural fiber was subjected to an thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), besides composites reinforced with 0, 10, 20 an 30% of volumetric fractions of this fiber were also analysed. The thermal stability found for sedge fibers was of 241°C.
Thermal Stability of Plain Arapaima Scales and Scales-reinforced Epoxy Matrix Composites: Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra1; Ulisses Oliveira Costa1; Michelle Souza Oliveira1; Fernanda Santos da Luz1; Luana Crystine da Cruz Demosthenes1; Sergio Neves Monteiro1; 1Instituto Militar de Engenharia
Present society increasingly demands materials that present solutions to issues of sustainability and environmental preservation. In this way, natural materials appear as candidates for the development of sustainable compounds. This work aims to assess the thermal stability of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with Arapaima scales. The composites were prepared using 30% v/v of Arapaima scales and 70%v/v DGEBA/TETA epoxy. The samples were analyzed through DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis), Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The DMA and TGA results demonstrated an improvement in the thermal properties of the composites compared to the plain resin, while the DSC results showed that the use of the scales as reinforcement does not affect the thermal stability of the resin.
Thermochemical Characterization of the Carnauba Fibers: Raí Junio1; Lúcio Nascimento1; Lucas Neuba1; Andressa Souza1; Sergio Monteiro2; 1Military Institute of Engineering; 2Instituto Militar de Engenharia
The increasing employability of natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) in industrial sectors is notorious. The data acquired of different NLFs it is of great value for the scientific community, therefore, the present work proposes to investigate the thermal properties and chemical composition of carnauba fibers (Copernicia prunifera) through Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The FTIR spectra returned characteristic absorption bands for the constituents of the NLFs. The TG analysis showed a moisture loss of 64.4 ° C, with degradation starting at 207 ° C. The exothermic and endothermic peaks observed in DSC are consistent with the degradation range of the NLFs constituents, consistent with the loss of mass observed by the TG analysis. Carnauba fibers have similar vibrational and thermal properties to other NLFs, thus showing indications of applicability in reinforcing polymeric matrices in the production of composite materials.
Thermogravimetric Characterization of Epoxy Matrix Composite Reinforced with Hemp Fabric for Engineering Applications: Matheus Ribeiro1; 1Military Institute of Engineering
Composites reinforced with natural fibers have been increasingly used in important industrial sectors. In addition to its natural advantages, these composites have gradually been improved, being able to match its mechanical performance to synthetic fiber composites in some applications, such as the intermediate layer in individual ballistic armor. In particular, the hemp fiber (Cannabis ruderalis), although extensively used in fabrics, has yet scarce application in engineering polymer composites. Thus, this paper analyzed hemp fabric epoxy matrix composites reinforced by this material. Composites were manufactured with different volume fractions, 10, 20 and 30% vol., and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to thermally characterize this material. Based on the results, it was indicated a loss of thermal stability for composites reinforced with 10 and 20 vol% of hemp fabric. The 30 vol% reinforced composites showed an increase on the maximum degradation temperature (344.9 °C) compared to the neat hemp fabric (340.7 °C).
Use of Glass Waste as a Geopolymerization Reaction Activator for Ceramic Materials: Afonso Azevedo1; Markssuel Marvila2; Euzébio Zanelato2; Thuany Lima2; Geovana Delaqua2; Sergio Monteiro3; Carlos Mauricio Vieira2; Leonardo Pedroti4; 1Fluminense Federal University; 2UENF; 3IME; 4UFV
Geopolymeric materials have been widely studied due to technological and environmental advantages, which in the case of applications in ceramic materials is due to the non-need for sintering the parts. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of using the glass polishing residue as a constituent element of the activating solution, together with NaOH, in geopolymerization reactions, aiming at the production of ceramic artifacts. Specimens were submitted with thermal curing at 60oC and ambient temperature of 23oC with in ratio to SiO2/ Al2O3 of 3.0 and 4.0. Were evaluated of technological properties such as apparent specific mass, linear shrinkage, water absorption and mechanical resistance to flexion in the specimens. The results showed a potential for application of the glass polishing residue as a component of the alkaline solution, improving the properties evaluated when in thermal curing and with a SiO2/ Al2O3 ratio of 4.0.
Variation of the Silica Module for Dosing Activated Alkali Mortars: Markssuel Marvila1; Afonso Azevedo1; Euzébio Zanelato1; Thuany Lima1; Sergio Monteiro2; Carlos Maurício Vieira2; Jonas Alexandre1; Gustavo Xavier1; 1Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro; 2IME
The dosage of activated alkali materials, as is the case with blast furnace slag mortars, is one of the great complexities of materials science. In this context, the objective of this work is to propose the mortar dosage 1: 1: 0.3 (precursor: aggregate: activator), varying the silica module of the solution by 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5, and performing compression, density, water absorption and porosity tests, performing thermal curing at 60ºC and normal curing, with curing of 7 days. The results showed that the variation of the silica module significantly changes the results of the evaluated properties, with the best parameters obtained for a 1.2 module of silica.
Weibull Analysis of the Tensile Strength for Different Diameters of Cyperus Malaccensis Sedge Fibers: Lucas Neuba1; Andressa Souza1; Raí1; Matheus Ribeiro1; Ulisses Costa1; Sergio Neves1; 1Military Institute of Engineering (IME)
The fibers extracted from the stem of the sedge (cyperus malaccensis lam.) plant have been investigated as possible composite reinforcement, aiming to discover a possible new fiber for an engineering aplication. Analysis of the distribution of the diameter and how it affects the mechanical properties of seven-islands-sedge. Acording to, ASTM D2101, for the first time in the literature the diameters of the fibers were analyzed by the Weibull method, indicating an inverse depence and a higher tensile strength were achieved for the thinnest fibers. Besides an investigation of the microstructure by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have shown a mechanism for this dependence. Also a mathematical hyperbolic relationship have been found to adjust the inverse correlation.
Characterization of the Palm Fiber: A Natural Fiber from the Amazon: Edwillson Gonçalves de Oliveira Filho1; Roberto Tetsuo Fujiyama1; Jean da Silva Rodrigues2; Sergio Neves Monteiro3; Alisson Rios da Silva1; Verônica Scarpini Candido1; 1Universidade Federal do Pará; 2Federal Institute of Pará; 3Military Engineering Institute
This work presents a characterization through analysis and tests of fibers from the extraction of palm oil under natural conditions and chemically treated with 10% Sodium Hydroxide under ultrasonic agitation. Physical and morphological properties of the palm fibers were determined. To verify the resistance of the technical fiber, filament traction was performed using kratos universal testing machines. In addition, an analysis was performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to study in detail the fiber surfaces and their cross section. It was found that the palm fibers used in the experiment reacted well to the alkaline treatment, cleaning the surface and not undergoing defibrillation. This surface modification also significantly influenced the mechanical properties of the palm fiber.
Evaluation of the Use of Lignocellulosic Fibers in Replacement of Synthetic Fiber in Polymer Hybrid Composites: Luciano Monteiro Almeida1; Roberto Tetsuo Fujiyama1; Sérgio Neves Monteiro2; Alisson Rios da Silva1; Verônica Scarpini Candido1; 1Universidade Federal do Pará; 2Military Engineering Institute
The possibility of replacement of the synthetic fibers by lignocellulosic fibers in composites is very advantageous, because it has low cost for manufacturing and it allows to design sustainable materials. That way, this work targets to evaluate the tensile behavior of polymer hybrid composites reinforced with fiberglass, raffia and jute. Composites with woven fabric orientation 0º/0º/0º of glass/glass/glass (G/G/G), glass/jute/glass (G/J/G) and glass/raffia/glass (G/R/G) were produced and then tested according then tested according to standards ASTM D3039. The results displayed that partial replacement of the lignocellulosic fibers reduced tensile strength however, even though with a decrease of this property, the results are resemble to those found in the literature.