Steels for Sustainable Development: Renewables & Power Generation
Sponsored by: TMS Steels Committee
Program Organizers: Ian Zuazo, ArcelorMittal Global R&D - Industeel; Matthias Militzer, University of British Columbia; Jonah Klemm-Toole, Colorado School of Mines; Kester Clarke, Los Alamos National Laboratory
Wednesday 2:00 PM
October 12, 2022
Room: 406
Location: David L. Lawrence Convention Center
Session Chair: Ian Zuazo, ArcelorMittal Global R&D - Industeel; Kester Clarke, Colorado School of Mines
2:00 PM Invited
Steel Developments for the Global Energy Transition: Andrew Gingell1; Sylvain Pillot1; 1Industeel
Traditionally, the energy industries have driven the development of steel grades, to enable safe operations of mission-critical equipment under severe service conditions ranging from high and low temperatures, high stress conditions and corrosive environments. Industeel has been heavily involved in developing steels for such applications. The Global Energy Transition to renewable energy solutions will face similar challenges. Much of the same constraints faced by traditional energy industries are also present in the new technologies: ultra-low cryogenic temperatures for liquid hydrogen storage; stress relaxation cracking resistance for concentrated solar power; strict fracture mechanics properties for the offshore wind industry. These constraints are compounded by the requirements of life-cycle cost, reduced CO2 footprint and circular economy. This paper will give an overview of some of the challenges faced by steels in these new applications, and some examples of innovative solutions allowing the development of these technologies of the future.
2:30 PM Invited
The Essence of Mo and Ni Alloying in Steels for Renewable Power Generation: Hardy Mohrbacher1; 1NiobelCon bvba
National governments and supernational organizations are aiming for a significantly increased share of renewable power generation over the next three decades. This not only represents a cornerstone in reducing CO2 emissions but is also gaining high importance in the light of recent geopolitical developments impacting fossil energy supplies. Hydropower and wind energy are two major technologies dominating the current share of renewable power supply. In both technologies carbon and alloy steels form the backbone of the power generation equipment. Molybdenum and nickel play important roles in these green technologies. The metallurgical effects of these alloying elements will be demonstrated, for both flat and long products. Furthermore, the specific consumption of Mo and Ni related to the effectively installed capacity of various renewable power generation technologies will be analyzed. The expected strong demand for these metals is put into perspective to supply scenarios by global mining companies.
3:00 PM
Exploring the Impact of N Solubility and Trace Elements on the Creep Properties of P92 Steel: Stoichko Antonov1; Martin Detrois1; Paul Jablonski1; 1National Energy Technology Laboratory
Trace elements can have major consequences on the properties of creep resistant martensitic steels. To better understand the changes in microstructure and mechanical performance associated with the variation of trace elements and enable design of steels operating at more demanding conditions, we formulated three versions of P92 within the specified allowable N, B, C and Si ranges. Different service conditions were explored, and >80% decrease in creep life was observed at 625°C 155MPa for the highest B and N containing alloy. Multiscale characterization (OM, SEM, TEM) revealed key changes due to the trace element variation. The high trace content alloy formed deleterious BN precipitates with morphology that would promote crack nucleation, but also formed higher fractions of beneficial MX precipitates. The alloy with the lowest trace content showed the best creep performance – a result of the refined precipitate populations and the absence of large-scale inclusions and BN precipitates.
3:20 PM
Cyclic Deformation and Strain Localization of Ferrite-pearlite Low Alloy Steel under Low-cycle Fatigue: Shutong Zhang1; Rafael Arthur Giorjao1; Jacque Berkson1; Antonio J. Ramirez1; 1Ohio State University
Low alloy steels are commonly used as the structural material for power generation and transportation infrastructure. Cyclic operations under severe thermal and mechanical loading challenge the endurance capacity of the structural steels that guarantees the structural integrity and the maintenance costs. In this study, the cyclic deformation and strain location of a ferrite-pearlite steel under low-cycle fatigue tests is investigated. Gleeble-based low-cycle fatigue tests were performed at 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% strain amplitudes at 250C. The impact of strain amplitudes upon microstructure deformation is evaluated through EBSD analysis and nanoindentation measurement. In addition, the evolution of microstructure during low-cycle fatigue is investigated at 1.0% strain amplitude. Interrupted test samples were obtained at the 5th cycle, 30th cycle, and 300th cycle and analyzed through EBSD. The study shows ferrite-pearlite grain boundaries are preferential location for strain accumulation, which increases strain amplitude and ferrite-pearlite strength incompatibility.
3:40 PM Break
4:00 PM
Through Thickness Microstructural Features for Optimum Ductility Performance In High Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen Pipelines: Douglas Stalheim1; Andrew Slifka2; Aaron Litschewski3; 1DGS Metallurgical Solutions, Inc.; 2NIST; 3CBMM North America
Hydrogen as an energy source, transported by either existing or new pipelines, to combat climate change is gaining momentum around the world. Significant degradation of key ductility properties of fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth rate of an API carbon steel pipeline in the presence of higher-pressure gaseous hydrogen has been well documented. Ductility performance is controlled by through thickness microstructural attributes. There are characteristics observed in API pipeline steels tested for fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth that suggest some through thickness microstructures perform better than others with increasing hydrogen pressure. In the data analysis done to date in these API pipeline steels some microstructural attributes observed show a more improved/stable fracture toughness and fatigue ductility performance up to 21 MPa hydrogen pressure. This presentation will discuss the observed common through thickness microstructure features in API steels that result in optimum ductility performance in high pressure gaseous hydrogen applications.
4:20 PM Cancelled
Effects of Austenitizing Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Nano-structured Bainitic Steel: Bhawesh Chhajed1; Kushal Mishra1; Kritika Singh2; Aparna Singh1; 1Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai; 2Helmholtz Zentrum
Nano-structured bainite possesses an excellent mechanical strength and satisfactory ductility owing to nano-scale microstructure comprising of bainitic ferrite and retained austenite present in form of blocky and film type austenite. A significant change in the prior austenite grain size can be achieved by changing the austenitizing temperature. This change also influences the bainitic lath as well as retained austenite post austempering. This study focuses on investigating the mechanical strength, ductility and fracture toughness of nano-structured bainitic steels with different austenitizing temperature but similar austempering temperatures.